BC SECTORLEARNINGS
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In a business where the buying & selling price is fixed by the government, how is that the sugar stocks are rallying so much?

A thread 🧵 to learn how the sugar sector works. Do re-tweet and hence us educate more investors (1/n)

 - Sugar is made out of Sugarcane
- The government fixes buying price (FRP – Fair & Remunerative price) for the mill from the farmers at 2.850/Kg
- Selling price is also fixed at Rs. 31/Kg (MSP – Minimum selling price) (2/n)
Lets understand the sector,

- Sugarcane purchased by the mill is crushed to remove the juice (exactly like you have sugarcane juice at a hotel)
- Juice is heated & boiled to remove sugar (3/n)
- The juice can be boiled upto 3 times to remove sugar. Each time it is boiled, sugar is removed, than some water is added and boiled again to remove more sugar (4/n)
- There are 2 by-products as well. The residue left behind after the boiling process is over is like a gum/paste called molasses & the fiber/stem of the sugarcane after juice is extracted (5/n)
-U can either directly convert the juice into molasses without extracting sugar so that U can produce more molasses or boil the juice twice, extract sugar & use the remaining juice 2 extract molasses (B Molasses) or burn the juice 3 times & extract the molasses (C Molasses) (6/n)
Sugar industry deals in 3 products,
-Sugar
-Molasses can be further processed to make Ethanol & Alcohol
-The fiber is burned to generate electricity. Sugar mills use the same electricity for running the mill & extra is sold. This is called co-generation (7/n)
Rough calculations,

1 Tonne of sugarcane roughly can produce
- 110 Kg of sugar (or)
- 70 L of Ethanol
You produce 1.6 times more sugar than Ethanol from 1Tonne of sugarcane.

& Sugar mills rough business split is,
60-65% sugar, 20-25% ethanol, 10-15% co generation (8/n)
What should the mill focus on producing depends on the rate of sugar or Ethanol. Sugar currently is 31/kg & ethanol is 62.65. So 1 tonne of sugarcane can generate the below revenue
-Sugar = 31*110 = 3410
-Ethanol – 70*62.65 = 4385.5 (9/n)
So what should they produce more? Ethanol

So why are they even producing sugar?
Ethanol production needs a proper distillery set up which not all mills have. Mills are now investing for the same. (10/n)
Why are stocks going up?
- Demand & Supply
- Exports
- Ethanol
- Working Capital (11/n)
Demand & Supply (12/n)
Exports (13/n)
Ethanol (14/n)
Working Capital

Working capital to get better with more focus on Ethanol as payments from OMC happen monthly vs selling sugar which take 7-9 months of inventory time where as the farmers have to be paid in 14 days after acquiring the crop from them (15/n)
What to look for in a sugar company?

- UP based companies to do well. Water is available for cultivation, crop is also good & hence the factory capacity utilization is better & sugar produce per tonne is more
- Ethanol capacity/Tonne of crop crushed
- Working capital (16/n)
Cant end this thread without crediting @varinder_bansal for a very good video on sugar sector from where I have taken the latest data for the thread. You can watch the entire episode here -https://t.co/kDtnHmzL98 (17/n)
I have written multiple threads earlier on
- Sector Analysis - Banking, Paints, Logistic, REIT, InvIT
- Macro Economics
- Debt Markets
- Equity Markets
- Gold
- Personal Finance etc.

You can find them all in the link below 👇 (**END**)

https://t.co/UrRt87OLLF

More from Kirtan A Shah

Kirtan A Shah
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Learn about the STEEL SECTOR in this thread

The demand for steel is generally only 1.2 times the GDP & there is no significant growth in our GDP but still the sector has rallied relentlessly, lets try & understand

Do ‘re-tweet’ & help us educate more investors (1/22)
#Investing

The metal sector is broadly divided into 2,
-Ferrous is a category of metal that has Iron in it, Steel as an example
-Non-Ferrous is a metal, which does not have Iron content, Aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, Zinc etc.
This thread focuses on Ferrous & hence Steel (2/22)

To start, lets understand with how steel is made (its important).
Iron ore is mined, it is then first converted to Iron & Iron is then converted to Steel. There are 3 processes of making steel
-Blast Furnace
-Scrap Metal
-DRIP/Sponge
We will discuss all three (3/22)
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Kirtan A Shah
Kirtan A Shah
@KirtanShahCFP
A basic premier on the banking sector, demystifying commonly used terms,
CASA
Wholesale Banking
Net Interest Income (NII)
Cost of Liability
Advances Growth
Gross v/s Net NPA
Provisions
SLR/CRR
Capital Adequacy Ratio
Net Interest Margin (NIM)

Do hit the 're-tweet' (1/n)

Banking, as a business is simple to understand, you borrow money (liability for the bank as the bank needs to pay back) and lend (asset for the bank as the bank is expected to receive it bank), the difference between the borrowings & lending is banks income (2/n)

Where all can they borrow from?

(a) Savings Account (SA)
(b) Current Account (CA)
(c) Fixed Deposit (FD)
(d) Recurring Deposit (RD)
(e) Certificate of Deposits (CD)
(f) Bonds etc. (3/n)

Whom do they lend?
(a) Retail - Housing loan, auto loan, personal loan etc.
(b) Wholesale (Institutional Lending) – Commercial Papers (CP) & other Corporate Loans

P.S. – “HDFC Bank is now increasing focus on wholesale lending”, hope you now understand what that means (4/n)

How does the bank profit?

So lets say the average borrowing cost of the bank (also know as the cost of liabilities) is 4.54% & average lending cost is 8.54%, the difference 8.54% - 4.54% = 4% is called the Net Interest Income (NII). HDFC Banks Cost of Liability is 4.54% (5/n)
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Kirtan A Shah
Kirtan A Shah
@kirtan0810
In this #IPO frenzy market, lets talk (Thread) about some basics around
-Angle/VC/PE
-Allotment process
-IPO Funding
-Grey Market

Hit the ‘re-tweet’ & help us educated more investors (1/n)

Why do companies come out with an IPO?

(a) Funding needs
- Business expansion plans
- Debt payoff

(b) Non-Funding requirement
- Enhancing corporate stature
- Exit options to large investors like the VCs & PEs (2/n)

While most of us believe IPOs are for funding requirements, you deep dive and understand it’s more of an exit channel for large investors (VC/PE). Let me explain the same concept from a start-up's perspective (3/n)

If u r starting off ur entrepreneurial journey & need capital, how do u raise funds?
-Self Funding
-Friends & Relatives (F&R)
-Bank Loan
-Angel Investor
Angel investors r the 1s who invest @ the idea stage & PE/VC who invest in the growth phase of the company.(4/n)

- Self funding can be the best option but everyone’s not prepared
- F&R I wish helped
- Bank loans need collateral and
- Angel investors invest only when they see scalability in the business and hence a belief that they will get their investments back. (5/n)
TRADING
Kirtan A Shah
Kirtan A Shah
@kirtan0810
Market PE at 40 and yet the market is not falling, why? Getting asked this question multiple times. Here's a thread covering ‘very basic’ premier on valuation for my retail investor friends.

Do hit the ‘re-tweet’ and help us educate more investors (1/n)


For us to be able to comprehend the situation, we need to understand 4 very basic valuation matrixes
(1) Trailing EPS
(2) Forward EPS
(3) Trailing PE
(4) Forward PE

Formula

EPS = Profit After Tax / Number of outstanding Shares
PE = Market Price / EPS (2/n)

So what's a trailing EPS?

So in March 2020, RIL generated a Profit after tax (PAT) of 39,354 cr. The number of outstanding shares of RIL is some 676.21 cr. which means the 39,354 cr of PAT belongs to the 676.21 cr. shareholders, right? (3/n)

That also means that per share, RIL earned Rs. 58.20 (39,354/676.21). This 58.20 is called the trailing (TTM) EPS. Trailing means past, already done. (4/n)


So RIL earns 58.20 rupees per share but you pay 58.20 * 33.16 = 1930, 33.16 times more to buy 1 share from the market, that 33.16 is called the Price/Earnings (PE) ratio. This is again trailing as 58.20 EPS is trailing. (5/n)
INVESTING , MARKET LEARNINGS , INVESTING KNOWLEDGE
Kirtan A Shah
Kirtan A Shah
@kirtan0810
A basic primer on the Indian Paint sector

With the listing of Indigo paints, JSW entering the paint sector & now Grasim announcing to invest 5,000 cr in the sector, lets explore,
-Products
-Industry
-Company

Do hit the ‘re-tweet’ and help us educate more investors (1/n)

Lets start with PRODUCTS

India paint industry is broadly divided into two,
(1) Decorative Paints (used mainly in residential & office infrastructure)–75% of the total paints market
(2) Industrial Paints (used in Auto & other industrial uses)-25% of the total paints market (2/n)

Decorative Paints is further classified as
a. Primer & Putty–They r applied 2 the wall 2 fill the cracks in the wall & make it smooth b4 painting. It also gives a lasting effect to the paint
b. Thinner–Its mixed with the paint 2 reduce the viscosity,applying becomes easy (3/n)

c. Emulsion Paint – Water based premium range paint mainly used in metros & large cities
d. Enamel Paint- Oil based medium range paint for smaller cities
e. Distemper–Water based paint mainly for the rural area as it can be used on the wall directly without using the primer(4/n)

(f) Wood Coating – Used to protect furniture against moisture (5/n)
SECTOREXPLAINATIONS

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Vivek Mashrani, CFA
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@MashraniVivek
🚀

If you find megatrends early, it could be highly rewarding...

If you want to refresh powerful concepts of Chemical Sector...

This is must watch for you...

One of the most in-depth analysis on the sector you will ever see..!!

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Kirtan A Shah
@KirtanShahCFP
(Thread) With Kotak launching its International REIT Fund of Fund NFO, it is worth revisiting our old thread on Real Estate Investment Trust (#REIT). The Idea is to educate readers on REIT & share our view on the Kotak #NFO

Do ‘re-tweet’ & help us educate more investors (1/n)

What’s a REIT?

Lets say I am a RE developer, K Raheja. I like a land in Mumbai & Hyderabad 4 some commercial development. I decide to buy it. Where will I get the monies 2 buy & construct it?
1. Self
2. Bank, NBFC, MF - Debt
3. Partner – someone else investing as Equity (2/n)

So I invest some monies, got some 4m banks & MF’s & I also got Blackrock to invest 2 buy the land & make the business park called 'Mindspace'. I constructed around 23-mn sq ft with multiple building & I started leasing them out to companies who wanted rented office premises (3/n)

There comes a point where I needed more monies to build new building, pay off the loans etc., where do I get the monies? So I decide to do an #IPO. Not of the entire company K Raheja but only this project called Mindspace. So I formed a trust or corporation (4/n)

I commit to payout 90% of my rent income to the shareholders proportionately as dividends & I will use this IPO money to invest a minimum 80% in completed real estate, which is generating rent & will use 20% in constructing new Real Estate or lend to some other developer (5/n)
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Kirtan A Shah
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@KirtanShahCFP
After writing on Banking & Paints, this thread focuses on the 'Logistic Sector'. Idea is to give a small start to the retail investors looking at investing in this space from where they can build on.

This thread covers,
- Macro
- Business Model
- 3PL & 4PL
- Valuation (1/n)

Logistics business macro

-14% of India’s GDP is spent on Logistic
-Organized market is 42%
-Growing at 10-15%
-Employs 2.2 cr
-Achieved Infrastructure status
-FY 14-18 attracted 1,00,000 cr FDI (2/n)

What’s the business?

Logistic is traditionally seen as a warehousing & transportation business where goods, needs 2b transported 4m point A to B using Road, Rail, Ship or Air & can be stored at multiple warehouses before the consumer receives the product (3/n)

The business landscape is changing fast with newer competition and technology is challenging the older business models. 3PL (3rd party logistics) & 4PL is one such change in the business of logistics, will discuss about the same ahead. (4/n)

Listed companies involved in the business may or largely may not own the Trucks, Rails, Aircraft, Ships, Warehouses etc., but uses outsourced services of other vendors and the listed companies manage the logistics from point A to point B (5/n)
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Saket Mehrotra \U0001f60e\u2615\U0001f4b0
Saket Mehrotra 😎☕💰...
@mehrotra_saket
For almost seven years, I have tracked the hotels space very closely.

While everyone wants to jump on the 'unlock trade' bandwagon, I do not feel it's a great idea because the business model in itself is a little flawed.

Here's a thread 👇 (1/n)

Let's first start with the industry overview.
The whole industry works on one and one thing only. Revenues. (Let's call this A)

Are you capable of charging higher Revenues from your customers on a regular basis?

Are you able to maintain your Revenues if not increase them? (2/n)

Why is this relevant?
Well, think of a regular business selling goods / services.
Typically, when you're not able to sell something, you keep it for the next day or hold it in your 'inventory'.
Typically you have a certain level of demand estimation before you manufacture(3/n)

Whether you manufacture a product or sell a service, you do a certain degree of demand planning.

In the context of hotels, this would be based on the location, the demand of tourist arrivals and accordingly the number of keys (hotel rooms).

(4/n)

The only catch here is the fact that you only have a 24 hour window to sell a day's inventory.

Taj Mahal Palace in Mumbai only has a 24 hour window on a daily basis to sell 560 room nights.

Once the day gets expired, the inventory is gone. (5/n)
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Got these scanners from the following accounts:

1. @Pathik_Trader
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