A brief overview of the history of personality disorders - a thread. 1/23

The history of personality disorders can be traced to 400BC, when Hippocrates described four personality patterns. These were choleric (irritable), melancholic (sad), sanguine (optimistic) and phlegmatic (apathetic). He believed these patterns were based on the four humors. 2/23

The four humors were black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm. Hippocrates believed that a person's personality pattern depending on the level of each of these humors. 3/23

Theories of disordered personality can also be traced back to ancient Chinese and Greek philosophy. Theophrastus (c 371 - c 287 BC) described 30 character types. For example, 'The Suspicious Man' has obvious links with today's paranoid personality disorder. 4/23

The category "Manie sans delire" (meaning mania without delusion) coined by Pinel in the 18th century appears to describe for the first time what is now known as a PD. He described a set of patients who he thought to behave irrationally despite being in touch with reality. 5/23

THREAD: TAJ MAHAL REAL HISTORY
In this Thread, I will prove with facts and arguments that Taj Mahal wasn't built by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan
Read it carefully and propagate the information

1) The biggest proof of Shahjahan’s taking this building from another rather than building it himself is
found in Shahjahan’s own official chronicle, Badshahnama (Bibliotheca Indica series of the Asiatic Society of Bengal publication, page 403, Volume I).

Therein he admits that the TajMahal is Raja Mansingh’s mansion which, when taken over for Mumtaz’s burial. This is an obvious proof that the current history of the Taj Mahal as we know it, that it was built by Shahjahan for his wife, is completely false.

2) Had Shahjahan really conceived and built the Taj himself, description of its construction must had to be mentioned in the official chronicle. Such an event would not have been forgotten by anyone.
Furthermore, if a stupendous monument like the Taj is built, there certainty

would be a burial date that would not go unrecorded. However, the burial date is not only unrecorded, but the date of the time in which Mumtaz must have been buried in the Taj varies from six months to nine years of her death!!

I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree

came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later,

the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still

languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent

words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty,

This remarkable embroidered tent from 19th-century Iran, now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, has been popping up on social media quite a bit over the last few days, so I thought I'd do a thread on it to brighten the twitter feeds this weekend...

It was made for Muhammad Shah, the second ruler of Iran's Qajar dynasty, who reigned from the death of his grandfather, Fath-ʿAli Shah, in 1834, until his own death in 1848.

We know it was made for Muhammad Shah as it bears his name, with the title 'Sultan-i Ghazi'. It also has a second inscription, which has been interpreted in a number of ways, but is likely to give the name of the maker, Fath-ʿAli.

The technique is known as rashti-duzi (Rasht embroidery), named for the city in the NW of Iran where is it used. Rashti-duzi most often consists of chainstitch in silk, done with a hooked needle, and applique, on (often felted or fulled) wool. Details from two V&A pieces here:

It was not only tents that were made using the technique, but all sorts of items, including saddle cloths & even portraits. The 2nd one here depicts Muhammad Shah's successor, Nasir al-Din Shah, which I photographed when it was on display at Louvre Lens. (The other is V&A).

The post-insurrection testimony of William Pitt Kellogg has been haunting me lately. He survived several coups as governor of LA during Reconstruction & gave a sobering assessment of their causes.

He testified that Reconstruction had been manageable until "the race-issue was there placed in the foreground" by white conservatives.

White conservatives abandoned all other policy issues & "appealed editorially to white men to employ white labor for political reasons."

Their goal in this was to radicalize white workers—to ensure that they had a vested financial interest in attacking & murdering leftist politicians friendly to racial equality.

In practice, it also meant firing Black workers so that they & their families would starve to death.

To summarize, you have a conservative "white man's party" that's overtly abt killing their political opponents to create more white jobs.

Robert Smalls was born into slavery but would go on to become a hero of the Civil War, a successful entrepreneur, and a U.S. congressman.

His journey is one you have to read to believe.

Who's up for a story?

👇👇👇

1/ Robert Smalls was born on April 5, 1839 in Beaufort, South Carolina.

His mother, Lydia Polite, was a house worker enslaved by a man named Henry McKee.

It is widely believed that McKee was Robert's father, which afforded him preferential treatment in his early years.

2/ While she had worked in the McKee household as an adult, Robert's mother had grown up working in the fields.

Not wanting her son to be blind to the plight of the other slaves, Lydia Polite requested that he be exposed to this work.

This experience was formative for Robert.

3/ In 1951, when the McKee family moved to Charleston, Robert and his mother went with them.

The 12-year-old Robert was hired as a laborer in the city, earning a tiny wage for working various jobs.

But it was in Charleston that Robert would discover his first love: the water.

4/ Finding himself attracted to the ocean and life on the water, Robert Smalls took on work at the docks.

He quickly displayed an aptitude for the work.

Starting as a stevedore, he soon became a wheelman on a ship, in charge of navigating through Charleston's complex harbor.

Welcome to the Scarfolk #homeschooling thread...
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So today is 260th anniversary of Third Battle of Panipat and this is a thread to commemorate it.
-Starting
It all started with the death of Aurangzeb & end of Mughal-Maratha war of 27 years. After this, Marathas started showing their power in central India.
-Then came the
1/

golden phase of Marathas under Peshwa Bajirao who spent more life in war camps than in his palace. Undefeated for 40 battles, he expanded Maratha boundaries crazily & whole India feared Maratha forces. His military formation was unparalleled & Marathas invested heavily
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in Artillery under him. Then after his death, his passion to expand the empire was kept alive by his sons, nephews and other Maratha Generals. The empire was now a confederation of equally powerful Maratha chiefs like Holkar, Shinde & others. They all came under banner of
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Maratha Chhatrapati & even expanded empire on their own in the name of Maratha king.
-Sons & Nephews of Bajirao- Elder son Balaji Bajirao became Peshwa and younger son Raghunathrao won Lahore, Delhi, Attock & most of Punjab in favour of Marathas. Muslim son of Bajirao
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kept in check several kingdoms from his stronghold in UP. You all have seen all these characters as kids in Bajirao Mastani. Nephew of Bajirao, Sadashivrao Bhau was a proven military strategist himself who imposed Maratha supremacy on Deccan kingdoms. Empire looked
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So: by popular demand (my mum) a quick guide.

The 25th amendment was ratified- i.e. became part of the US constitution in 1967. The amendment is basically about clarifying the presidential and vice presidential succession.

You see, Article 2 of the Constitution says "In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President"

But this is quite vague.

So when W.H. Harrison was the first president to die in office in 1841, it wasn't really clear what powers his VP, John Tyler, would have, nor what he would be called (president? acting president?)

Tyler took the oath and became president. This set a precedent.

Until the 1960s, convention dictated that if a president died in office, then their VP became president, was called the president, and had the powers of the president. Fine.

But this was not spelled out in law. And there were some outstanding questions:

1. If a VP becomes President, then how is the VP replaced?

2. What if the president is unwell, or unable to perform his role for some other reason? How can that be managed?

#HistoryKeThread: Mwangeka’s Blood

This first pic is of a view taken from high up in the Taita Hills.

In the late 19th century, Mekatilili’s Giriama were not the only community from present-day Coast province that rose against imposition of white rule by gun-toting Europeans. The Taita of Mwanda, too, did.

At that time, the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) was the vessel through which Britain asserted its dominion over what would later become Kenya.

Incorporated in 1888 and chartered later the same year by the Queen of England, IBEAC was specially created to promote trade activities in territories under the control of the British.

So in the 1890s, IBEAC stepped up plans to open up the interior of East Africa by setting up administrative structures and laying down infrastructure, such as ox-cart roads (that later formed part of Nairobi-Mombasa highway that we know of today).

1/n Many cited this article as evidence for historicity of Md

It is work of some Ahemdiya and is full of non-scholarly arguments.

In this thread I rebut each claim one by one.

Truth: no archaeological evidence for Muhammad from around his

2/n Lies around Gospel of Mark, Mathew, Luke

3/n Lies through Thomas the Presbyter

4/n The myth of Sebeos

5/n Papyrus letter sent by Muslim Admin in Egypt

A thread of Republican dirtbag history to enlighten those who don't know-
Richard Nixon's administration included:
H.W. Bush- who became director of the CIA for one year in 1976
He later became VP and POTUS
Invaded Panama and started the Gulf War

Dick Cheney
Donald Rumsfeld

Dick Cheney was Nixon's chief of staff, WY Rep. in House of Representatives 1978-1989 when he became HW Bush's Sec. of Def. during the invasion of Panama and Gulf War. He was on the board of Halliburton from 1995-2000 and went on to be VP for GW Bush leading the war on Iraq.

Donald Rumsfeld was a special advisor to President Nixon and became Pres. Ford's chief of staff when Dick Cheney became Sec. of Defense.
When Ford lost he became CEO of Searle pharma and later 1997-2001 Gilead pharma. He was then Sec. of Defense of GW Bush.

It was Rumsfeld's claims of a chemical weapons cache that led to another war, which was headed by his friend and the VP Dick Cheney. He was also a fan of torture and partially responsible for the hiring of mercenaries from Blackwater.

Privatizing prisons started in 1980 and was largely Republican policy. Blackwater didn't just train mercenaries, they also train prison guards and other law enforcement personnel. They do not train deescalation.
John Ashcroft, the former AG for GW Bush is now on the board...

Thread: In communism poetry is a capital crime.

This poem was used as evidence by the communist prosecutors in the 1958 treason trial of Romanian poet and journalist Radu Gyr. Gyr was aligned in his youth with the nationalist movement Legion Of Archangels Michael & Gabriel.

Radu Gyr's first stint in prison lasted 1 year and happened during the pro-fascist regime of Gen. Ioan Antonescu, who aligned Romania with Nazi Germany. After one year behind bars he was freed on parole and sent to fight on the Eastern front in WWII.

Sending political dissidents on the front lines to be killed was one of the methods used by the fascist Antonescu regime government to punish former members of the Legion. Radu Gyr returned home a disabled veteran after he was wounded in battle.

In 1958 the communist authorities were in full swing with their plans to collectivize Romanian agriculture. The government was confiscating all farming land from the farmers and landowners and pushing everybody into CAPs -collective agricultural production farms.

The Wallace Monument was erected in the memory of William Wallace (c. 1270-1305), one of the most important Scottish historical figures. Wallace rose to prominence in 1297 when he defeated an English army at the battle of Stirling Bridge. Although it celebrated a fierce

opponent to English domination, the Wallace Monument, erected by public subscription and built from 1861 to 1869, was designed to stress the qualities that Scotland had brought to the Union of the Parliaments in 1707. Most Scottish newspapers published full descriptions of the

grandiose ceremony that took place on June, 24th 1861 to mark the laying of the foundation stone of the monument.

Glasgow Herald, June 25, 1861.

Mr Sheriff GLASSFORD said—

Sir Archibald Alison, ladies and fellow-countrymen, I have the honour to propose that we avail

ourselves of this opportunity to record a vote of thanks to the subscribers to the Wallace National Monument. They are very numerous—they are composed of every class from the highest to the lowest—they belong to every town and village of Scotland—they are scattered far and

wide through all our colonies, from the frozen north to the burning south. Widely as they are diffused, one electric spark has united them all. To them no country is so dear as Scotland—no virtue more inherent than patriotism—no patriot through all ages more worthy of regard

#Thread
Debunking Fake Narratives on Manusmriti on Women; Here Are Facts.

1.Found many antiDharma forces and confused persons using abusive language against Manusmriti.They were depicting Manu Maharishi one who gave birth to caste system and that he was biased against women nd womenhood.I found dis propaganda more sort of political rather than social.

2. So, here I debunk the various myths and fake naaratives pertaining to Manusmriti on women.

Swami Dayanand, the great Vedic scholar of the 19th Century, writes:
“I believe in that part of Manusmriti which is not interpolated (appended later) and is in accord with the Vedas.”

3.He concludes that the Manusmriti we read today is not as originally laid down by Swayambhu Manu, the first Chief of Humanity. As it now is, he found the text as self contradictory and against the values espoused in the Vedas, and hence injudicious.

4.He therefore rejects those prejudicial texts which advocate discrimination against populations with alleged inferior status. Commentaries, interpolations, and additions have demeaned the essence of the Manusmriti. This is the same with other Hindu sacred texts.

I was reading the report which Lord Lugard submitted to the British Parliament in 1917.

I graciously received the report from my egbon @araisokun during the week,

And a couple of salient issues struck me, which I will mention in this short thread,

1. The British analysis of

the basic character of Nigerians from various parts of the country (SW, SE/SS, NC, NE & NW) still holds true over a century later.

In other words, after a century of British assessment of our character, we haven't changed

2. The myth of a "rich" South and a "poor" North arose

from the stated reasons why Lugard decided to amalgamate the "countries" of Northern and Southern Nigeria.

The bureaucratic system was buoyant in the South due to its ability to generate excise duty from alcohol importation

Unfortunately, (alcohol being prohibited)

such taxes were unavailable in the Northern protectorate

Therefore, at the time of amalgamation, the colonial govt in the North was supported by an annual grant from the Crown, while the South was buoyant due to its income from alcohol taxes

However by 1917 when the report was

written, the coffers of the amalgamated Nigeria had been swollen exceedingly by receipts from the sale of Tin from Jos!

The "tables" had turned!

In other words, the ability of the colonial govt to rapidly achieve buoyancy in the South, was due to proximity to British monitored

1949 - 'an inflection point in China's national history' - @SOAS_CI - Some historical significance in action here.

The key protagonists in this story.

Chiang Kai Shek playing for time in 1949 - to save his regime, to build a coalition if the Communists would play ball, to protect his assets, etc.

Mao - ‘a revolutionary man, somewhat impetuous.’ Yeah I would say so.

Did you know the atrocities on Dalits were always high only during DMK time.

31.8.1995
Kodiyakulam village, Tuticorin district more than 300 houses and the valuables of Dalits were attacked and looted by the police.

Dalits were attacked, torture, and the other valuable goods like TV, cycle, vessels, two wheelers were got damaged.

7.3.1996
150 dalit houses were set on fire in Mangalpuram, Virdhunagar district.

26.2.1998.
Brutal Police excess on Dalit residential areas in Gundupatti, Kodaikanal. Around 130 police entered the residential area and damaged the valuables. 25 Dalits including 16 women were arrestedand underwent severe police torture. The houses were severely pulled down .

Kerosene and food material was ransacked and burnt down. TV, Kerosene, cot, vessels, two wheeler were smashed.

1.12.1998
Around 300 police men indulged in brutal attack in Oovalur village, Perambalur district. As a result 80 dalit houses were damaged.
Following this 20 Dalits were arrested by police and meted out torture against them.

1/ Thread:

Senate Action Against Disloyal Members, 1861-1862

2/ Alabama
Clement Clay, Jr: Did not appear on March 14, 1861; salary paid to January 21, 1861; seat declared vacant on March 14, 1861; member of the Confederate Senate 1861-1863; was a diplomatic agent of the Confederate States; arrested and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe in 1865

3/ Alabama
Benjamin Fitzpatrick: Salary paid to February 4, 1861; term expired on March 3, 1861, and Senate took no formal action against him; president of the constitutional convention of Alabama in 1865.

4/ Arkansas
William K. Sebastian: Expelled on July 11, 1861; returned to Helena, Ark., where he resided during the Civil War and practiced law; after federal troops occupied Helena, Ark., moved to Memphis, TN., in 1864 and resumed the practice of law.

5/ Arkansas
Charles B. Mitchel : Expelled on July 11, 1861; elected to the Confederate senate at the first session of the State legislature and served until his death in Little Rock, AR, September 20, 1864.