BC HISTORY
Saved by @CodyyyGardner

So: by popular demand (my mum) a quick guide.

The 25th amendment was ratified- i.e. became part of the US constitution in 1967. The amendment is basically about clarifying the presidential and vice presidential succession.

 You see, Article 2 of the Constitution says "In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President"

But this is quite vague.
So when W.H. Harrison was the first president to die in office in 1841, it wasn't really clear what powers his VP, John Tyler, would have, nor what he would be called (president? acting president?)

Tyler took the oath and became president. This set a precedent.
Until the 1960s, convention dictated that if a president died in office, then their VP became president, was called the president, and had the powers of the president. Fine.

But this was not spelled out in law. And there were some outstanding questions:
1. If a VP becomes President, then how is the VP replaced?

2. What if the president is unwell, or unable to perform his role for some other reason? How can that be managed?
JFK's assassination in 1963 made Congress decide to actually sort this out- and this is what eventually became the 25th amendment.

It does a few things. First, it sets out in law that, yes, if a president dies (or resigns, or is removed from office), the VP becomes president.
Second, it says that if a VP succeeds to the presidency because of the death/resignation of the president, then the new president (the ex-VP) can appoint a new vice president, as long as Congress agrees.
Third, it sets out what happens if the president is unable to perform their duties-- and how that is determined. This is covered by Sections 3 and 4 of the 25th amendment- and that's what people have been talking about this week.
How does it work? Well, if the VP and a majority of the Cabinet OR a review body appointed by Congress deem that the president is "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office", then the VP immediately becomes acting president.

BUT...
If the president disputes this- by writing a letter to Congress- then he becomes president again UNLESS the VP and majority of Cabinet send another letter (within 4 days) insisting that the president is still unable to fulfil their duties. If that happens...
Both houses of Congress have to meet within 48 hours and vote on the issue. 2/3 of the members of each House would have to agree that the president can't discharge their duties and that the VP should assume the presidency.
(Separately, the President can also write to Congress themselves to say they cannot temporarily fulfil their duties-e.g if they are going to undergo surgery or are unwell. The VP becomes acting president until the president tells Congress he's able to resume his duties.)
Has the 25th amendment been used? Well, the bit about appointing a new VP if the office of VP is vacant has been used. Nixon used it to appoint Ford as his VP after Agnew, his original VP, resigned.

Then when Nixon quit, Ford became President, and appointed Rockefeller his VP.
BUT section 4 of the 25th amendment- about removing a president from office if they are unfit to perform their duties- has only ever been used in fiction (as West Wing fans will know). Not in reality.

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This the story of Threads...


In 1965 the BBC had filmed The War Game, a fictional docu-drama about a nuclear attack on Britain. However under pressure from the government the BBC withdrew it from screening. It was finally released in 1966 as a film in selected theatres.


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A Guide To Armageddon was a documentary for the BBC's peak-time science series Q.E.D. Produced by Mick Jackson it graphically depicted the effect of a one megaton explosion on London. It also explored how well people could survive such a blast if they were in a fallout shelter.


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In 1937, a trucker got frustrated waiting for his cargo to be unloaded. He later sold his company for $1.1 billion.

Here’s the story of how Malcom McLean made a billion dollars and which startup could be following in his footsteps. (Inspired by our episode with @laurabehrenswu)


In the early 1950s, the shipping industry was a dying business.

New York’s docks were handling half as much domestic cargo in the early 1950s as they had been in the depressed 1930s.

In thirty years, no one had invested significant money in coastal shipping.

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As McLean found out, loading ships was difficult and slow.

A truck or train would deliver items to the port. Each item was unloaded separately, recorded, and carried to storage.

When a ship was ready, each item was taken from storage, counted again, and hauled on-board.


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“A four-thousand-mile voyage for a shipment might consume 50 percent of its costs in covering just the two ten-mile movements through two ports.”


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1) A generation of students were ruined by communist propaganda in the 1960s and 1970s. They went on to become naxals, and communist ideologues. Most of their lives were ruined, and with little support system in place, most of their families were also ruined completely.

2) Now, a few naxals/ideologues did manage to go abroad, secure nice, cushy positions for themselves, and become anti-India/anti-Hindu bigots from their overseas sinecures. But these were the exception, not the norm. Most naxals faced police ruthlessness and were ruined.

3) Is this a career to recommend to kids? That they can be the lucky 1 in a thousand who will catch the eye of some politically powerful figure in the west, who can/will sponsor their entry into the western system? Western humanities graduates are themselves without jobs now!

4) It is like claiming that someone should drop out of college and become Bill Gates! Sure, there have been Bill Gateses who became multi-billionaires after dropping out of college. But most college drop outs went on to become ruined, or are working low paying jobs today!

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1/ ISSA AREMU: THE IRREPRESSIBLE COMRADE 60

It was sometime in October 1984. I had just been admitted to study Economics at the University of Port Harcourt. After processing my papers and having been registered, [...]

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3/ Each room had three well-built double beds, the type you see in today’s five-star hotels and one single 6 spring bed for the ‘jambites’, as year one students were then called. To put it simply, Nelson Mandela Hall was well sought after at that time.

4/ On arriving the hall, I was assigned to block C, Room 308 by the Hall Warden. I knocked and entered the room where I met this young final year Economics student who displayed a very good command of English language and radiated knowledge all over him.

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