Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells.
Viruses have evolved?
specialized molecular mechanisms
to efficiently
transport their genomes
inside the cells they infect.
Delivery of genes, or other genetic material, by a vector is termed transduction and the infected cells are described as transduced.
A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.
Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.).
The process of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction.
active sensors, in contrast, generate an electric current in response to an external stimulus which serves as the output signal without the need of an additional energy source. Such examples are a photodiode, and a piezoelectric sensor, thermocouple.
Piezoelectric crystals – converts deformations of solid-state crystals (vibrations) to and from electrical signals
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress.