In 1615, historian Richard M. Eaton quoted, "one observer estimated the Mughal's annual revenue at 120 million silver coins, compared to 45 million for the Ottoman Empire and just 15 million for the neighbouring Iran (Safavid)."

- India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765, p. 371

Remember here the historian is talking about year of 1615 but by the year of 1700 the Mughal wealth had been increased even more.

In year of 1700 during the era of Aurangzeb, Mughal economy was more than to the combined wealth of Western Asia, Central Asia, North Asia, Southeast Europe, Western Europe and North Africa.

(Legendary Peacock Throne)

Yeah it is right that Mughal wealth was mostly held by nobles but the point is Mughal Empire was prosperous state not the welfare state.

We have to study the conditions of Mughal citizens from the perspective of middle ages instead of modern era

and their comparsion with other empires of that era.

As far concerns of living conditions of common man, the living standrads of Mughal citizens were higher than Eureopens.

200 followers special!

WORLD AT WAR

#WorldWar2 key events and their timeline with visual references.

Long 🧵

@ForumStrategic @SierraDeltaPk @Corpor8Xploiter @AhmAdTipu7 @Thunder07101 @WPCPSFION @ZA1N87 @ali_zarwan @schaheid @ainakhalid801 @AScf90

November 11, 1918
WORLD WAR I ENDS

Britain, France, the US, and other allies defeat Germany, bringing an end to World War I, billed as “the war to end all wars.”

January 30, 1933
HITLER APPOINTED GERMAN LEADER

Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany and later assumes dictatorial powers. German rearmament takes off.

September 1, 1939
WORLD WAR II BEGINS

Germany invades Poland, inciting Poland’s allies Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

September 17, 1939
SOVIET UNION INVADES POLAND

Working in concert with Hitler, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin orders the invasion of Poland, securing a share of Polish territory.

The Greek civilization was the most influential civilization in the history of the world. All of today’s thoughts and ideas can be traced back to the Greeks. They gave us democracy, mathematics, drama, philosophy, Olympics and a whole bunch of Gods.

A THREAD

Here are some interesting facts revolving around Greek mythology.

Hercules gave us the saying “Taking the bull by its horns”:

The saying, “Taking the bull by its horns”, comes from Greek mythology. It was one of the 12 labors of Hercules that he had to perform to repent for..

..killing his own wife and children in a fit of madness caused by Hera. He saved the city of Crete from a raging bull by seizing its horns.

Athena defeated Poseidon to become the guardian of Athens:
Athena and Poseidon both wanted to become the guardian of a certain city so they decided to give a gift each to please the residents of the city. Poseidon gave them water in the form of a spring but the water was salty..

... and of no use. Athena gave them an olive tree which was much more useful as it gave food, oil and wood and so she won and since then that city has been known as Athens.

India has always been a paradise of art. Not jus coz i am born here, being an Artist i connect to this land even more. The only thing that saddens my heart is we do not value our own treasures.

#thread
#TalesofIndia

My art leanings has often taken me to many websites of museums abroad where our creativity is taken care of. While casually flipping through websites of art museums this afternoon, i found some amazing collection of combs. Check it out.

☘You must have all heard about Pusyamitra Sunga. Here's a comb from the Sunga Empire featuring a Goddess. You will find it in Creative museum.

☘Another one from the Shunga Empire comes this ivory comb from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Styled like Chandraketugarh, an archeological site 21 miles from Kolkata in Northwest India. The comb features two goddesses and two peacocks on either side of them, facing each other.

☘Another ivory comb from karnataka displaying two peacocks. Arent they so gracefully adorned?

📌Start the year with a LONG READ!

✅ The scene...

▶️ Nelson Mandela, conducting his own defence in his 1962 trial.

▶️ Presiding, is a 'white' magistrate

▶️ Mandela starts with an application asking magistrate to recuse himself....

https://t.co/p7z9q6ArgT

#GreatReads2021🎆

MANDELA: A judiciary controlled entirely by whites and enforcing laws enacted by a white parliament in which we have no representation, cannot be regarded as an impartial tribunal in a political trial where an African stands as an accused

#GreatReads2021🎆

MAGISTRATE: After all is said and done, there is only one court today and that is the White Man's court. There is no other court. What purpose does it serve you to make an application when there is only one court. What court do you wish to be tried by?

#GreatReads2021🎆

MANDELA: I feel oppressed.
It reminds me that I am voteless because there is a parliament in this country that is white-controlled. I am without land because the white minority has taken a lion's share. We are ravaged by starvation and disease....

#GreatReads2021🎆

MAGISTRATE: I fully realise your position, Mr Mandela, but you must confine yourself to the application and not go beyond it. I don't want to know about starvation. That in my view has got nothing to do with the case at the present moment.

#GreatReads2021🎆

Open Letter: Our democracy is at risk. Progressivism can save us.

We’re in trouble. We have been for a long time. Hopefully, Georgia goes well and tomorrow is just noise. But what if neither happens? We can’t continue to pretend it’s all a joke. So what do we do?

First off, we need to ask how we get here?

America defeated Fascism (totalitarian rule enforced though a violent commitment to a national or racial or identity) embodied in the Nazi Party. We are not a perfect nation. We too are a nation stained by hate, apartheid . . .

slavery, Jim Crowe casteism. But there have been great moments. Defeating the Nazis was one of those moments. FDR was our leader. Like America, he wasn’t perfect. He turned away Jewish refugees. Like his counterparts in Erurope, he was also slow to recognize the Nazis as...

the danger they would become. But when economic and moral calamity threatened certain doom for all, he rose to the moment. He chose well. He led without fear. He made a promise to America. Fight this evil, and we will create a “New Deal.” Healthcare. A social safety...

net. Our soldiers carried government issued commemorative coins into Germany memorializing these sacred promises that they fought for. Sadly, not every one of these promises was fulfilled, but FDR helped rebuild America, literally. Those trails in our state parks? Many of our...

Did you know the atrocities on Dalits were always high only during DMK time.

31.8.1995
Kodiyakulam village, Tuticorin district more than 300 houses and the valuables of Dalits were attacked and looted by the police.

Dalits were attacked, torture, and the other valuable goods like TV, cycle, vessels, two wheelers were got damaged.

7.3.1996
150 dalit houses were set on fire in Mangalpuram, Virdhunagar district.

26.2.1998.
Brutal Police excess on Dalit residential areas in Gundupatti, Kodaikanal. Around 130 police entered the residential area and damaged the valuables. 25 Dalits including 16 women were arrestedand underwent severe police torture. The houses were severely pulled down .

Kerosene and food material was ransacked and burnt down. TV, Kerosene, cot, vessels, two wheeler were smashed.

1.12.1998
Around 300 police men indulged in brutal attack in Oovalur village, Perambalur district. As a result 80 dalit houses were damaged.
Following this 20 Dalits were arrested by police and meted out torture against them.

Kary Mullis won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1993.

His most famous achievement was the invention of PCR, the method being used around the world to test for Covid-19.

I've been asking myself: what would he think of current events?

It's time for a thread. 👇👇

Please retweet.

In one of life's strange coincidences, Mullis died in August 2019 - just months before the first cases of Covid were allegedly discovered in China.

Since I can't ask him for his latest thoughts, I've read his book, "Dancing Naked in the Mind Field".

Here are the six best bits.

1. The invention of PCR.

The idea for "polymerase chain reaction" came to Mullis while driving at night through the Californian countryside.

With PCR, he could make "as many copies as I wanted of any DNA sequence I chose".

He predicted he would win the Nobel prize for this.

2. Battling with the safety officer.

Mullis invented PCR while working at a biotechnology company called Cetus.

He enjoyed working there, but he hated its embrace of safety culture. He hated the "safety officer" who was given power over him.

He called this man the "danger officer", because "all he ever did was put up DANGER signs".

This man covered up his glass cabinets with warning stickers, making it impossible to see the chemicals inside.

"Overnight, my lab had become a very dangerous place".

The 12 Life Learnings of Carlos Gracie Sr.
(And my thoughts)

//THREAD//

1.) Be so strong that nothing can disturb your peace of mind.

Mental strength is possibly the greatest strength you could have.

While physical strength is a great supplementation, the power of the mind is essential to any great achievement.

2.) Speak to every one of happiness, health, and prosperity.

This is self-explanatory.

However, it is equally important to speak of these things to yourself.

Perfect your health,
Pursue your happiness,
Think of your prosperity.

I have been on this earth since 1951 and have to say that 2020 was the worst year I ever experienced. Not personally; being retired and a misanthrope with a loving wife made the lockdown fairly easy. I got covid but it was a mild case. So compared to others, I had it easy.

But I cannot think of a worse year than 2020 for most other people. I remember the polio epidemic of the 1950s, but I also remember competent public health officials who kept it under control.

I remember the Kennedy assassination and the awful year of 1968 when we lost Bobby and Dr. King, and the cities burned. (I lived not far from Newark and grew up in Detroit.) But those events left no serious, lasting scars on society. Neither did Watergate in 1974.

Probably the most personally painful events of my adulthood were the gas lines of the 1970s. But at least they didn't kill anyone, just caused a lot of inconvenience. The years since the 1970s were mostly okay as far as the nation and society were concerned except for 9/11,

which tuned out to be more of triumph over adversity than a tragedy. I could not have imagined that less than 20 years later we would kill as many as died on that day every day and the president would do absolutely nothing about it. Even more shockingly,

A thread on some links between art and literature...
All available in an editable booklet >> https://t.co/QQQ5j31ekw #TeamEnglish

Sethos I Before Horus, by Unknown Artist (c.1280 BCE)

Sethos I was the father of Ramesses II (also known as Ozymandias). In the wallpainting, Sethos is receiving pharaonic regalia to emphasise his power and military success.

Link: Ozymandias, by Percy Bysshe Shelley

Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci (1503)

The smile of Mona Lisa, also known as a Lisa Gherardini, is playful and ambiguous – almost like she is hiding a secret.

Link: My Last Duchess, by Robert Browning

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1558)

An illustration of the dangers of pride and ambition. From soaring so high, Icarus is barely noticeable after his fall and life simply carries on around him.

Link: Jekyll and Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson

Experiment with a Bird in an Air Pump, by Joseph Wright of Derby (1768)

A wild-eyed scientist, onlookers who seem both intrigued and horrified, and a strong contrast between darkness and light.

Link: Jekyll and Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson

Not sure if people want a historical comparison thread, but here’s one on insurrection and a violent attempt at a coup in 1874 New Orleans, often called the Battle of Liberty Place. Thread includes a white supremacist monument. 1/

During Reconstruction, there was a lot of white supremacist violence in the South, as former confederates and whites in general wanted to reclaim full political power. Image from Harper's after the New Orleans Massacre in the summer of 1866.

In the summer of 1874, the White League in New Orleans was galvanized by false stories spread by former confederate officer Frederick N. Ogden. Those false stories were that groups of Black men were going to incite violence. This was all false.

Political tension was high in New Orleans in 1874. Rather than concede the 1872 gubernatorial election, Democratic candidate John McEnery set up his own dueling government. (Remember that this was before the parties changed, as @KevinMKruse has detailed on here before.)

On Sept 12, 1874, a steamer came into the port of New Orleans with guns and ammunition for the White League. When the ship was seized, Ogden and others claimed their 2nd Amendment rights were being trampled.

THREAD: Before any conservative tries to invoke George Orwell, let me tell you an interesting story about his first book.

Orwell was a policeman in Burma while it was still under British rule. In his early 20s, he quit to pursue writing. He decided he wanted to write about

the poorest in society, the homeless and the destitute. So, he went undercover as a tramp in both Paris and London. He lived in filthy dives, working as a dishwasher, and at one point having to sell his clothing to get lodging for the night in London. He described how different

he felt when he put on the ragged clothing and said, “Dirt is a great respecter of persons; it lets you alone when you are well dressed but as soon as your collar is gone it flies toward you from all directions.” Orwell was obsessed with the plight of the poor and

with the inequity in our systems that pushed people to the margins. “I shall never again,” he said, “That all tramps are drunken scoundrels, nor expect a beggar to be grateful when I give him a penny, nor be surprised if men out of work lack energy.”

Another quote from the book: “It is curious how people take it for granted that they have a right to preach at you and pray over you as soon as your income falls below a certain level.”

When he finished the book, he struggled to find a publisher. T.S. Eliot was an

The Indo-Greeks were on decline & the grounds were fertile for yet another invasion of #India. This time it was the Yuezhi tribe of Gansu from #China. They established the #KushanEmpire.

This #thread is about Kushans & how they became Indianised, unlike later Islam!c invaders.

The Kushans started to establish themselves as a major power around 30 CE with Kujula Kadphises forming a confederacy of various tribes from China.

They adopted Greek as their court language, which was soon replaced by Bactrian, the popular local language.

They also adopted #Buddhism & #Hinduism as their religion. They issued coins with Hindu Gods like Shiva with a trishul & Buddha in Abhaya mudra.

This was unlike the later Islam!c invasions where the invaders would try to obliterate local languages and religions.

The Kushans were heavily influenced by the prevalent Greek culture, especially in sculpture. The Kushans expanded their territories & ruled with two capitals, one in Gandhara & one in Mathura. This also established the Gandhara & Mathura School of Kushan arts.

Kushans also introduced the first human form of Buddha who was previously depicted with symbols like a throne, a wheel or a peepal leaf.

They patronised trade & sent Buddhist monks to #Tibet, #China, #Korea & #Japan. Lokaksema went to China & translated Buddhist texts in Chinese

Roger Froikin @rlefraim wrote, "IRELAND AND ISRAEL. — WHAT MAKES NO SENSE.
1)

So fascinating, how certain folks suddenly care about "historical accuracy" in fiction when the Black people show up.

I've read novels set in historical periods that featured no women, children, or elderly; none of the reviews noted this. Watched shows set in big American cities -- MY city -- that turned it into young cishet Whitelandia. Not remotely accurate! Never a peep from Team Accuracy.

I've written novels featuring amorphous continent-wrecking gods, talking statues, ninja priests killing people under the watchful eye of a gas giant -- but it's so very telling that the biggest pushback I get is over my characters' race... or mine.

What these folks aaaaaktually want is inaccuracy, of a very specific type. The same inaccuracy they've been fed their whole lives: that white people are the be-all and end-all of every time period, ever. Other kinds of people might be spoken of, but never seen.

They read this in books, see it in films and TV shows, and then try to impose it on real life. We don't do official sundown towns anymore but there are still plenty of de facto ones, where local cops stalk Black residents and local economies prey on them, 'til they leave.

Modern viewers may be horrified by medieval images of people hunting unicorns, but--to judge by medieval images of unicorns--medieval people may have seen unicorns as a little....murdery.

(BL, MS Sloane 3544, f. 4) #MedievalTwitter

When not being hunted, medieval unicorns mostly seem to be attacking other creatures, like this poor elephant.

(BL, MS Royal 2 B VII, f. 100v)

Or these bears.

(BL, MS Royal 10 E IV, f. 157)

Or this lion.

(BL, MS Royal 2 B VII, f. 190v)

Here's a whole troop of them fighting Alexander the Great.

(BL, MS Royal 15 E VI, f. 21)

Who died last year...before #Event201 #Covid911

Kary Banks Mullis (Dec 28, 1944 – Aug 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In recognition of his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in

#PCRTest: A process that's used to make a whole lot of someting out of something.

Kary Mullis. Inventor of the PCR test and Nobel Prize winner: PCR cannot be totally and should never be used as a tool in "The diagnosis of infectious

False-Positives

#covid911 #PRCtest #Pcrgate #lockstep

False-Positives

#covid911 #PRCtest #Pcrgate #lockstep

Portuguese Court Rules #PCRtest As Unreliable & Unlawful To Quarantine People.

#covid911 #PRCtest #Pcrgate #lockstep