Okay, let’s get this show on the road. I will begin by sharing research related to the 1971-1972 effusive eruption which is similar to what is happening now. I will be sharing old photos and crediting sources so not to confuse everybody that it’s not related to today’s activity.

To begin: the type of volcanologist I am is a “historical and social” volcanologist, which means I research how past and present activity impact the people who live with volcanoes. A lot of my data are old written records, interviews, photographs, newspapers etc.
This is important to note and acknowledge there are multiple ways to research volcanoes. I therefore know less about the geology BUT knowledgeable in volcanic hazards and how people live with these hazards.
Photos taken by Arnold Da Silva and donated by Vincentian geologist Lance Peters, all taken sometime before the 1971 activity. Important context for 1971-1972 in relation to today’s activity: there was a crater lake. A lot of water was present...
...Water is a key ingredient in making volcanic eruptions explosive BUT sometimes it isn’t. 1971-1972 had no explosions and little to no seismic activity associated. Photos in the 1970s by Arnold Da Silva and donated by Lance Peters.
The exact date of the beginning of the 1971 is uncertain, however 21st Sept 1971 was last visited by an expert where all was seen to be “normal”, no increased signs of changes in the crater lake by aerial photos on the 28th Sept. But, by 31st October, an airplane noticed changes.
The changes were discolouration of the water and steam. Experts from the University of the West Indies investigated on the 1st November and confirmed the changes. Tourists on the 17th October also noted the sulphurous smell and steam but was not reported.
Estimates conclude that the water level was 13 metres above normal from early photos. By 3rd Nov surface temperatures of the water were 81.5C (178.7F) and the water level 26 metres above normal. The entire lake was shrouded by steam and now mustard-yellow instead of clear blue.
Key thing to note how important a crater lake is to notice changes in activity from background levels. This is why certainly current activity was not immediately picked up. Because also like 1971, there was not intense increased seismic activity that is also an indicator of...
Changes in activity above background levels as it shows the migration of magma and fracturing the surrounding rock. HOWEVER, not every increase in seismic activity and magma movement means an eruption (effusive or explosive) will occur. Volcanoes will do what they want 🤷🏽‍♀️
All photos by Arnold Da Silva and donated by Lance Peters taken likely post 1971-72 activity. This is what resulted in the gentle lava effusion, similar to now. Note how there is an absence of explosive activity. Sometimes there is a violent interaction, sometimes there isn’t!
Near the beginning of activity, the local authorities did authorise evacuation, due to knowledge of the previous highly destructive eruption of 1902 (more on that later). @VolcanoJenni please feel free to provide more info on 1971-72 when you have the chance!
Interestingly, by 1976, 3 years before the explosive eruption of 1979, the crater lake was absent. Photo by David Mart and donated by Lance Peters. Also note the change in colours around the lava dome: the vegetation had died back. The white plume is localised fumarole activity.
This following on the 1971 effusive activity is sourced from Aspinall et al. (1973) Eruption of Soufrière Volcano on St. Vincent Island, 1971-1972. Science. Vol. 181(4095). Pg. 117-124. More info on the geology, petrology, geochemistry and so forth found within.

More from History

Folks who don't know history just tweet whatever they want.

On Feb 1935, Bose attacked the Nazis as he was angry as Indians were described as Sub-Humans in Mein Kampf. The British arrested Bose in April 1936, because he insulted the Nazis.

#Thread


The West at this point had a soft spot for the Nazis. France, Great Britain, Netherlands, Poland all gave the Nazi Salute during the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.

Even during the Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939), the Western powers observed neutrality as the Fascists rose in Spain.


In 1937, Hitler told British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax that one of his fav movies was ‘The Lives of a Bengal Lancer’. Why?

‘The Lives of a Bengal Lancer’ depicted a handful of "superior race" Brits holding sway over an entire Indian subcontinent (Sub-Humans).

"Shoot Gandhi. If necessary, shoot more Congress Leaders (Nehru & Bose)."

- Hitler to Lord Halifax, Britain's Foreign Secretary

This statement by Hitler in 1937 angered many pro-Leftist leaders of the INC including Bose.

Bose reached London in Jan 1938, and he met many leaders of the British Labour Party including Attlee.

1938 & 1939 were two huge years for the Indian National Congress. As i always say, the 10-year phase from 1938 - 1948 shaped modern India and it began in 1938 Haripura session.

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हिमालय पर्वत की एक बड़ी पवित्र गुफा थी।उस गुफा के निकट ही गंगा जी बहती थी।एक बार देवर्षि नारद विचरण करते हुए वहां आ पहुंचे।वह परम पवित्र गुफा नारद जी को अत्यंत सुहावनी लगी।वहां का मनोरम प्राकृतिक दृश्य,पर्वत,नदी और वन देख उनके हृदय में श्रीहरि विष्णु की भक्ति अत्यंत बलवती हो उठी।


और देवर्षि नारद वहीं बैठकर तपस्या में लीन हो गए।इन्द्र नारद की तपस्या से घबरा गए।उन्हें हमेशा की तरह अपना सिंहासन व स्वर्ग खोने का डर सताने लगा।इसलिए इन्द्र ने नारद की तपस्या भंग करने के लिए कामदेव को उनके पास भेज दिया।वहां पहुंच कामदेव ने अपनी माया से वसंतऋतु को उत्पन्न कर दिया।


पेड़ और पौधों पर रंग बिरंगे फूल खिल गए और कोयलें कूकने लगी,पक्षी चहकने लगे।शीतल,मंद,सुगंधित और सुहावनी हवा चलने लगी।रंभा आदि अप्सराएं नाचने लगीं ।किन्तु कामदेव की किसी भी माया का नारद पे कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ा।तब कामदेव को डर सताने लगा कि कहीं नारद क्रोध में आकर मुझे श्राप न देदें।

जैसे ही नारद ने अपनी आंखें खोली, उसी क्षण कामदेव ने उनसे क्षमा मांगी।नारद मुनि को तनिक भी क्रोध नहीं आया और उन्होने शीघ्र ही कामदेव को क्षमा कर दिया।कामदेव प्रसन्न होकर वहां से चले गए।कामदेव के चले जाने पर देवर्षि के मन में अहंकार आ गया कि मैने कामदेव को हरा दिया।

नारद फिर कैलाश जा पहुंचे और शिवजी को अपनी विजयगाथा सुनाई।शिव समझ गए कि नारद अहंकारी हो गए हैं और अगर ये बात विष्णु जी जान गए तो नारद के लिए अच्छा नहीं होगा।ये सोचकर शिवजी ने नारद को भगवन विष्णु को ये बात बताने के लीए मना किया। परंतु नारद जी को ये बात उचित नहीं लगी।
This is NONSENSE. The people who take photos with their books on instagram are known to be voracious readers who graciously take time to review books and recommend them to their followers. Part of their medium is to take elaborate, beautiful photos of books. Die mad, Guardian.


THEY DO READ THEM, YOU JUDGY, RACOON-PICKED TRASH BIN


If you come for Bookstagram, i will fight you.

In appreciation, here are some of my favourite bookstagrams of my books: (photos by lit_nerd37, mybookacademy, bookswrotemystory, and scorpio_books)