BC TRADING
Saved by @CodyyyGardner

Are you planning on handing over your money to an algo trading platform?

Maybe you want to subscribe to a strategy or two and make insane returns.

Here's why you shouldn't do it, and save your money instead.

 1/ Maybe you want to have a strategy development company deploy such algorithms on your account with respective brokers.

Or the service itself has strategies that you just subscribe to and authorize your trading account with, and it will automatically trade your money.
2/ When it comes to @Tradetron1 there are a slew of issues.

Let's keep aside the lack of transparency and the total regulatory non-compliance for a moment.

First off, with most of the strategies, the backtests are BOGUS.
3/ Any systematic trader with even a little bit of experience will look at the strategies and tell you which ones are baloney.

Most of them are.

Don't take my word for it. Do your own due diligence.

And, those backtests aren't even for 10+ yrs. Some were done only for months.
4/ Secondly, SEBI has put rules in place on parameters like

- minimum net worth of the company
- qualifications of the fund manager
- minimum number of clients
- minimum amount to start with

and so on, for qualifying people who want to manage other people's money.
5/ There are only 3 structures offered by SEBI where people can manage other people's money.

- Mutual Funds
- Portfolio Management Service (PMS)
- Alternative Investment Funds (AIF)
6/ If the company/person you hand over money to don't have one of these licenses, you're essentially stepping into the grey area.

There's no LEGAL way to manage other people's money outside of these three structures offered by SEBI.
7/ There are few other ways in which you can manage other people's money.

Most popular one:

- Become a sub broker to a large broker
- Get terminal access
- Add clients
- Place trades for all your clients together
8/ In this method, you can open/close/modify orders in clients' accounts. You can't touch their funds.

To do this, you should

- Enter into an agreement with the client that you will be investing/trading their account
- Have an Associated Persons SEBI license
9/ You should also take client's approval for EVERY SINGLE TRADE YOU PUT ON and for EVERY SINGLE TRADE YOU CLOSE.

Even if you don't take permission for one trade also, that's considered fraud.

But that's how most people operate.
10/ Some get clients to automate email approval for each trade.

This is not entirely legal and won't be valid if push comes to stove.

Phone call recording + non-automated emails should be legal.

But nobody does that.
11/ Essentially, since nobody follows the letter of the law/SEBI, they are all taking unauthorized trades as every trade requires authorization.

This again, is the most popular way with which people who have capital of < 25c operate.
12/ Also, when you're a MF, PMS, AIF, there are so many things you CAN and CAN'T do.

There are things you should do regularly in terms of reporting.

You will definitely need a well-qualified compliance officer also.

Small guys aren't ready to invest in all this overhead.
13/ What can small guys do LEGALLY then?

RIA - Registered Investment Advisor.

It's usually a fixed fee format (although there are some who get a % profit based on agreement).

You take the trades on your own.

Usually does well for long term investing & positional trading.
14/ But, even RIA has a lot of regulations, you need to get the certification and proper licensing done.

There are certain limitations as to what an RIA can and can not do.

So many RIAs breach those rules too and act in a grey area.
15/ Now, coming to Tradetron and similar services, ask these questions:

i) Are their strategy creators SEBI registered?
ii) Is the company's entire modus operandi legal?
iii) How are their backtests vetted?
iv) Are the backtests vetted and verified or anyone can post anything?
16/ Ask these additional questions too.

i) What are the underlying technical issues people face? (Lots of people have faced execution issues, slippages, etc.)

ii) How are the backtests conducted? (full test, out of sample, walk forward, and then monte-carlo, etc., is required)
17/ You'll most likely draw a blank from all of them.

For some reason (valid one) I can't see a SEBI registration number on the websites of TradeTron or similar services.

One step further, Tradetron buries this information in their "terms of use" page.
18/ The screenshot above says you have to do your own due diligence on whether the person creating the strategy is SEBI registered or not.

For ex: Is @__paperstreet__ SEBI registered? Nobody knows. Nobody even knows who he is. But so many people are subscribed to his strategy.
19/ Also, if you don't do your due diligence and your money is blown up by someone who isn't SEBI registered, you can't seek any relief from TradeTron.

Refer to the screenshot below.
20/ They wash their hands of any and all responsibility to

i) Screening strategy creators
ii) Screening backtest legitimacy
iii) Screening strategy legitimacy
iv) Making sure creators are SEBI registered and licensed, and that their license/regn hasn't expired.
21/ Now, let's come to the problems with many of those strategies.

Most of the strategies are half baked. Looks like people testing something on stockmock for a year or two and creating that as strategy on tradetron to make money.
22/ Check this thread for a discussion on the most basic thing.

https://t.co/Z7XJDKF0ep

100% ROI in a year with 10-20% drawdown is possible. But not over a period of 10 years.

Cherry picking a good year and posting that as entire backtest result is dangerous.
23/ Tradetron does indulge in favoritism towards few creators, some shady practices, which if you talk to all the strategy subscribers, you'd begin to understand.

https://t.co/nzxW0buQB8

You can see that they have deleted the -ve comments in some strategies.
24/ But, they withhold the right to do that. This again, is buried in "terms of use".

Also, if you face huge slippages and execution issues at their end, they can always wash their hands off any responsibility by saying it's an internet/server issue, and show you these terms.
25/ Now, several users have quoted the following in their reviews/comments.

- Grossly misleading backtests
- Backtest / live trades huge discrepancies
- Some accounts blown out
- Backtests done only for few months
- Huge slippage and execution delays
- Loss due to outages
26/ This is not just particular to tradetron.

You pick any similar service. You check for the following things.

- SEBI/legal registration/compliance of the company
- SEBI registration of strategy creators
- Backtest methodology
- No of years tested for
27/ Also check for the following:

- Backtest / Actual live trades differentiation
- How many years backtest was conducted for
- How long the strategy has been active, and what its actual live returns are (after costs)
- Whether backtests are pre/post comms/spread/slippages
28/ This applies to any and all companies offering to manage your money in some way without your intervention or active effort.

Use this as a checklist and protect your downside first by doing your due diligence.
29/ Secondly, don't be naive enough to believe that you can double your money in a year or two, or that these strategy creators with backtests showing CAGR of 40-50% will get you such returns.

More often these claims are only a bag of farts. You'll be left holding just those.
30/ Third, most often, you'll put money in the hands of such people whose greed knows no bounds, blow up your capital, and realize you'd have done way better had you invested in a regular conservative mutual fund also.

So, save yourself all the trouble and go SIP in MFs.
31/ Two or maximum three mutual fund schemes, with an index fund, invested regularly with discipline using SIP, will create more wealth than any of these fake strategy creators can, for you.
32/ If you must definitely go for such high returns, it's not impossible.

Spend a year or two, learn python, backtest different ideas/systems yourself, and automate them.

Amazon EC2 or Azure + Broker's API, code in python and automate your strategies.
33/ Books, Links, Courses, Data - recommended for doing exactly the above is all in this link -

https://t.co/OoHznZbfTI
34/ I have summarized whatever I know about systematic trading in the following webinar.

Ignore the first and last 20-25 mins (about me in the intro, and about my course and the QNA in the outro) and watch the remaining 3 hours, for a head start.

https://t.co/NjMM50AOE4
35/ To conclude, don't chase quick returns.

You're better off putting money in an index fund and compounding/getting rich slowly.

Don't fall prey to someone else's greed, and lose your money due to your own greed.
36/ Also, remember one thing finally.

With these untested, half-baked platforms, you're being treated like beta testers when their service itself is not proper or reliable.

They should pay you, and not the other way around.

Skip them altogether, save your hard earned money.

More from Shravan Venkataraman 🔥🚀💰

Shravan Venkataraman \U0001f525\U0001f680\U0001f4b0
Shravan Venkataraman 🔥...
@theBuoyantMan
** MEGA THREAD ON Cryptocurrencies/Blockchain**

I wanted to know the best resources to learn about cryptocurrencies and blockchain for someone with zero knowledge. I asked Twitter, and Twitter answered.

This thread is a compilation of the best resources I was recommended. 👇👇

Let's start with ** BOOKS **

The first thing you should do before you pick up any book:

Learn about Bitcoin & Ethereum by reading the respective whitepapers.

- [Bitcoin white paper](https://t.co/cErOaFn6QL) by Satoshi Nakamoto

- [Ethereum White paper] (https://t.co/0g5kYCGJGq) by Vitalik Buterin

Even if you are not tech savvy, you can get a good grasp about how blockchain functions from these papers.

1) *The Basics of Bitcoins and Blockchains: An Introduction to Cryptocurrencies and the Technology that Powers Them* by Antony Lewis

This book covers topics such as the history of Bitcoin, the Bitcoin blockchain, and Bitcoin buying, selling, and mining.

It also answers how payments are made and how transactions are kept secure.

Other cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency pricing are examined, answering how one puts a value on cryptocurrencies and digital tokens.
FINANCE
Shravan Venkataraman \U0001f525\U0001f680\U0001f4b0
Shravan Venkataraman 🔥...
@theBuoyantMan
Working on some execution optimisation related backtesting. I have so far been executing with market orders only. Going towards higher lot sizes, I'd like to optimise for minimal slippage.

First off, on NSE, if you place a market order, you get filled at the best bid/ask right?

If we want to optimise this, the first non-creative idea one can think of is, slicing the order into different lot sizes, and placing a limit order for each slice at the mid point of current best bid & ask.

But this requires your latency to be the least.

Why would latency affect it?

I looked at tick historical data, and there are more than 18-20 ticks in a second (auction and quote combined).

Even if you keep 10 ticks per second, your best bid/ask can shift from the time you place to the time exchange receives the order.

So, the next best thing that people can do is place tranches of orders every 1s, 3s, 5s, 10s, 15s - in their preferred time range, and get filled at the midpoint or best-bid+1/2/3/4/5 in the depth.

What you need is liquidity.

But if you're trading breakouts, then it's highly likely that your limit orders may not get filled if the action is too fast.

So, a retry mechanism is required in such cases.

If nothing works, you convert your orders to marketable and get filled at worse slippage.
TRADING
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Shravan Venkataraman \U0001f525\U0001f680\U0001f4b0
Shravan Venkataraman 🔥...
@theBuoyantMan
50 rookie mistakes to avoid as a stock market beginner - a thread.

1. Watching CNBC and acting on the recommendations provided by the "analysts", "experts" and "fund managers" who appear on TV.

Remember, most of them don't even beat the benchmark index on an annual basis.

2. Giving too much importance to Moneycontrol articles and recommendations. Moneycontrol profits off of noobs. They depend on you to make their money. They get paid by buy side firms who want to dump their positions, and sell side firms whose clients want to sell.

They also get paid to propagate rumours (albeit subtly) about stocks that the buy-side firms want to buy (albeit at lower prices) and sell-side firm clients want to buy. So, if you see a recommendation on moneycontrol, that marks the distribution phase (most of the times).

3. Listening to colleagues, friends, and family on what to invest on, where to invest, what stocks to buy. Usually these are also people who have no real expertise, but started a year or few months ahead of you. They only talk about their winners, you get very excited.

4. Listening to social media "experts". People on Twitter, Youtube, etc., even if they look like they are trading crores, or managing hundreds of crores, have different reasons for trading/investing in something. Typically, following them is the path to the butcher's shop.
TRADING
Shravan Venkataraman \U0001f525\U0001f680\U0001f4b0
Shravan Venkataraman 🔥...
@theBuoyantMan
**Time for a thread**

Through the last three years of experience in the entrepreneurship space, I understood why phenomenons like

- black money
- hawala
- money laundering
- tax fraud
- overclaiming of tax returns
- not reporting income

and other such scenarios exist.

1/ Running a business, especially with all the licenses and the jazz is like standing in a traffic signal.

The signal may still be red. But if vehicles have started moving, they will keep honking and hurling abuses at you for not moving and breaking the rules along with you.

2/ The corrupt system begets corruption.

The government employees seek bribe for every single thing that they are being paid to do as work.

If you don't pay them, your business will not get set up.

If you don't pay what they ask for, they will point out hundred issues.

3/ So, the base for corruption gets set up when you start your business.

You unwittingly become an accomplice to the systemic corruption.

If you don't bribe, your business won't get off the ground and you can't make money.

So, you are cornered to have to pay a bribe.

4/ Now, your business gets off the ground. But you have to get loan to set it up.

You go to MSME. They get you the loan. They also provide subsidy relief.

The catch: The officer asks you to pay 10-15% of subsidy as "formality" to ministers and the chain of command.
BLACK MONEY
Shravan Venkataraman \U0001f525\U0001f680\U0001f4b0
Shravan Venkataraman 🔥...
@theBuoyantMan
** MEGA THREAD ON INVESTING **

I was thinking about what kind of resources I'd want to have if someone has to start learning investing right now, the ones I wish I had two three years back.

This thread is a compilation of the best resources I have come across. 👇👇👇

Let's start with ** BOOKS **

1) The Intelligent Investor - Ben Graham :

Classic book, suggested by investors all over the world. Start with this book.

2) One up on Wall Street

Peter Lynch covers his strategies to find 10 baggers, and describes how an average Joe can do as well as the pros with simple methods and rock solid discipline and consistency backing it.

3) Common Stocks Uncommon Profits

This is a Phil Fisher classic.

It's on the other end of the spectrum as the book dives into a deep qualitative approach in value investing rather than being fully quantitative like Ben Graham's.

4) Security Analysis

Another book by Ben Graham that dives deep into analysing and understanding the valuations of any company you pick up to study.
SCREENERS

More from Trading

Amrit Kummer
Amrit Kummer
@maqstik
Some observations and thoughts on ZILSwap: What went well, its impact on the $ZIL ecosystem and where we need to improve with some concrete plans that are being worked on. A thread:

👇

1/ ZILSwap was launched by @SwitcheoNetwork on Oct 5, 2020 (~2 months old). Soon after, we noticed for the first time, a flurry of ZRC-2 tokens (equiv. of ERC20s on $ZIL) getting launched on the network (even though the fungible token standard had been around for a while).

2/ The ability to provide a marketplace for people to exchange tokens was the trigger for deveopers to start issuing tokens and developing a token economy. In fact, there was a token for which, the entire supply was put on a ZILSwap pool w/o any team withholding.

3/ This was an extreme example of why a DEX was needed and the role it played in bootstrapping several tokens and respective token economies. Over 25 tokens are available on ZILSwap in the form of liquidity pools. The total pool size across all tokens is over USD 1 million.

4/ ZILSwap also made it possible for the first time for anyone to get access to $XSGD (the Singapore Dollar Stablecoin issued by @xfers). In fact $XSGD and $gZIL contribute the greatest proportion of the total pool.
TRADING
Aditya Todmal
Aditya Todmal
@AdityaTodmal
A THREAD:

BEST OPTIONS STRATEGY FOR CONSISTENT INCOME -

OPTIONS WHEEL STRATEGY

Everything to know about this strategy I'm posting in this thread.

(1/12)


Step 1: Stock Selection

1. For this strategy you're going to have to choose some stocks that you think will be doing well in the future/long term.

2. Stock must be in an uptrend.

3. Stock options should be liquid enough to trade in.

4. List of stocks attached

(2/12)


Step 2: Which option to sell?

1. Sell put at a support according to charts.

2. Sell put at a strike far away from the spot where you think the probability of the stock falling will be very very low.

3. Sell put at a price where you're willing to buy the stock at.

(3/12)


Step 3: What to do when in profit/loss?

1. If in profit you can just roll up the puts thereby increasing the ROI or shift to other stocks to make more profit.

2. If in loss take delivery of the shares equivalent to the lot size in cash market.

(4/12)

Step 4: What to do after taking the delivery?

1. Sell calls to lower your cost price of the stock. For eg, you took delivery of Reliance at 1900, sell 2100 CE which is about 10% away.

2. Keep doing this till your CE expires ITM and then give delivery of your stock away

(5/12)
TRADING , OPTIONS
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10-K Diver
10-K Diver
@10kdiver
1/

Get a cup of coffee.

In this thread, I'll help you understand Geometric Expectations.


2/

Imagine we have an investment opportunity.

If the investment goes well, we get to double our money.

But if it goes badly, we'll end up losing three fourths of it.

There's a 50/50 chance of either outcome.

The question: is this a good bet or not?

3/

A simple way to approach this question is to calculate the bet's "expectation".

For every $1 we bet, there are 2 possibilities:

1. The lucky case, where we double our money and end up with $2, and

2. The unlucky case, where we lose (3/4)'th to end up with just $0.25.

4/

Each of these outcomes is equally likely.

So, on *average*, every $1 we put in turns into ($2 + $0.25)/2 = $1.125.

This is a *positive* 12.5% return.

Such bets are called *positive expectation* bets. On average, we expect to *make* (rather than *lose*) money on them.

5/

Suppose we could take many turns betting at these odds.

In any one turn, we could of course lose money.

But because our bet has positive expectation, *over time* we expect to make money.
TRADING
Trader knight
Trader knight
@Traderknight007
Overthinking - The art of creating problems which weren't even there.

Thread on How Over-analysis leads to decision Paralysis-


What is Analysis paralysis?

In simple terms, analysis paralysis is a person's tendency to over-analyze or over-think upon a decision to such an extent that he/she fails to make a choice resulting in a paralyzed state of inaction.


How a retail trader trades-

A trader named Rahul, He know all the basics of markets, He also has made a system which gives signals on nifty, he has also encorporated good Risk management and Position sizing into his system.

One day he gets a signal to buy Nifty at 13500 with stop at 13450, he wanted to take the trade, but he wanted to get sure that the trade he has take should be a winner.

So he says just let me check the RSI if its above this level I will buy , he checks it and it was above his

level, then again he wants to check another indicator named MACD, he wanted to get sure man, Now he do the most intelligent thing to get sure he gets right.

He goes to twitter and ask his twitter Friend Trader knight he ask him that should I buy nifty at 13500,
TRADING
Nikita Poojary
Nikita Poojary
@niki_poojary
We have shared a lot of threads exclusively on Subasish Pani in the past year.

As this year comes to an end, here are the 11 most powerful threads on Subasish Pani exclusively compiled for you all.

Collborated with @AdityaTodmal

1/ Important concepts from Power of Stocks - Subasish


2/ Important concepts with video links of Subasish


3/ The 5 EMA


4/ The Bollinger Band set-
TRADING

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Aditya Todmal
Aditya Todmal
@AdityaTodmal
Boss is always Boss @Mitesh_Engr

Mitesh Sir's FUTURES BREAKOUT TRADES 101:

• How to pick stocks at right time?
• What to look for?
• Importance of BO post consolidation
• How to manage SL
• How to get huge profits
• Multiple Examples

In collaboration with @niki_poojary


Importance of Trading only BO or BD stocks by @Mitesh_Engr Sir: 👇

•Two questions to always ask:

~Why stock is going up/down and when?
~ Who is behind big up/down and when?

• Trade only stocks with Momentum
• Instant results
• Small SL or huge profits


Sir's take on how to Trade: 👇

• Observe fight between buyer & seller
• Position will be created within first 3 hours
• Operators will win
• Just find BO or BD
• Look for huge volume support
• Give company to operators
• ATP importance explained


How to take trade in Breakout/Breakdown stocks by @Mitesh_Engr Sir: 👇

• Check Support & Resistance
• Wait for 2-3 months consolidation
• Surge in volumes
• Trade on 3 min charts
• Small SL
• Keep trailing
• Always pyramid in profit


When and Why to Pyramid? By @Mitesh_Engr Sir

• Adding to winning positions
• Signals of continued strength
• Potentially large profits
• An Example of pyramiding in one of his trades
MPLEARNINGS , ALL , MPTRADERULES
Noah Smith
Noah Smith
@Noahpinion
1/People I know on the Right tend to be obsessed with the idea of "crimethink", taboos, and the (supposedly) oppressive, omnipresent enforcement of liberal cultural norms.

Why?

My new theory: A lot of it is guilt.

2/It's true that in some circles - the media, universities, many big corporations - liberal norms *are* enforced to some degree, and the enforcement has probably gotten stronger in recent years.

But I don't think this explains all of the Right's obsession.

3/The stereotype is that people on the Right tend to be more threat-sensitive. That would help explain the perception that liberal norm-enforcers are lurking everywhere, ready to pounce and anathematize anyone who makes a misstep.

But I don't think that's all of it either.

4/And of course, it's always fun - whether you're on the Right or the Left, or playing a video game, or whatever - to style yourself as the brave iconoclastic rebel fighting against the oppressive forces of blah blah blah.

But I don't think this is all of it, either.

5/The reason I think it's more than these things is that even *in private*, people on the Right express their "crimethink" ideas very gingerly and hesitantly.

I get the sense that they're not just afraid of external censure, but have also internalized liberal norms.
SOCIETY
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Vibhu Vashisth
Vibhu Vashisth
@VIBHU_Tweet
प्राचीन काल में गाधि नामक एक राजा थे।उनकी सत्यवती नाम की एक पुत्री थी।राजा गाधि ने अपनी पुत्री का विवाह महर्षि भृगु के पुत्र से करवा दिया।महर्षि भृगु इस विवाह से बहुत प्रसन्न हुए और उन्होने अपनी पुत्रवधु को आशीर्वाद देकर उसे कोई भी वर मांगने को कहा।


सत्यवती ने महर्षि भृगु से अपने तथा अपनी माता के लिए पुत्र का वरदान मांगा।ये जानकर महर्षि भृगु ने यज्ञ किया और तत्पश्चात सत्यवती और उसकी माता को अलग-अलग प्रकार के दो चरू (यज्ञ के लिए पकाया हुआ अन्न) दिए और कहा कि ऋतु स्नान के बाद तुम्हारी माता पुत्र की इच्छा लेकर पीपल का आलिंगन...

...करें और तुम भी पुत्र की इच्छा लेकर गूलर वृक्ष का आलिंगन करना। आलिंगन करने के बाद चरू का सेवन करना, इससे तुम दोनो को पुत्र प्राप्ति होगी।परंतु मां बेटी के चरू आपस में बदल जाते हैं और ये महर्षि भृगु अपनी दिव्य दृष्टि से देख लेते हैं।

भृगु ऋषि सत्यवती से कहते हैं,"पुत्री तुम्हारा और तुम्हारी माता ने एक दुसरे के चरू खा लिए हैं।इस कारण तुम्हारा पुत्र ब्राह्मण होते हुए भी क्षत्रिय सा आचरण करेगा और तुम्हारी माता का पुत्र क्षत्रिय होकर भी ब्राह्मण सा आचरण करेगा।"
इस पर सत्यवती ने भृगु ऋषि से बड़ी विनती की।


सत्यवती ने कहा,"मुझे आशीर्वाद दें कि मेरा पुत्र ब्राह्मण सा ही आचरण करे।"तब महर्षि ने उसे ये आशीर्वाद दे दिया कि उसका पुत्र ब्राह्मण सा ही आचरण करेगा किन्तु उसका पौत्र क्षत्रियों सा व्यवहार करेगा। सत्यवती का एक पुत्र हुआ जिसका नाम जम्दाग्नि था जो सप्त ऋषियों में से एक हैं।
ALL
Anu Satheesh \U0001f1ee\U0001f1f3
Anu Satheesh 🇮🇳...
@AnuSatheesh5
Mangottu Bhagavathi Temple
#Palakkad #Kerala
#keralatemples 🚩

Mangottu Bhagavathi Temple is situated in Athipotta near Alathur of palakkad district. Devi is kshipraprasadi here and grants relief to those who worship with full faith.
Mookken Chathen, situated on the Northern 👇


side of the temple, is guarding Devi here.
Story says that, once there lived a weaver named Kuttan who was a Devi Bhaktan. During one festival time Kuttan was so pleased by the Devi Vigraham that he requested her to come along with him. At that time wind blew heavily and Cloths


in Vigraham flew. Kuttan immediately decorated Devi with his cloth which stuck to Vigraham and returned to his village and with his Umbrella. Devi came with him in that Umbrella and stayed in his place. This place is Mangottu Bhagavathi temple now.

Amme Narayana
🙏🕉🙏
ALL
Edwin Hayward
Edwin Hayward
@uk_domain_names
Ok, it's high time to look at the REAL effects of Brexit. As the Tories implode & Labour sits on its hands, companies are executing contingency plans, shifting jobs & assets, slashing investments, or redomiciling (accounting exercise). Happening NOW, not in a fantasy future. 1/95

Barden Corporation is closing down its Plymouth factory after 51 years, putting 400 jobs at risk, as its parent company Schaeffler shifts production to various sites outside the UK due to Brexit.

8 health providers have warned of medicine shortages in the event of a no-deal Brexit: "we do not believe that the current medicine supply plans will suffice, and we will have widespread shortages if we do not respond urgently."

Pfizer - $100 million on Brexit prep: "Pfizer’s preparations are well advanced to make the changes necessary to meet EU legal requirements after the U.K. is no longer a member state, especially in the regulatory, manufacturing and supply chain areas."

The Government has spent £4.2 billion pounds on Brexit preparations (£2.2 billion in previous Budgets, plus an additional £2 billion in the most recent Budget.)
POLITICS


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