There are few issues with that:
- Complexity of the purchase
- Currency conversion issues
- Difficulty in transactions
and so on.
You see so many people on Twitter saying
"Infosys ADR is up 5% today."
"ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank ADR ended highly positive today. Good move coming up for Banknifty."
Have you ever wondered what is ADR? You're not alone.
Time for a thread. ๐๐๐
There are few issues with that:
- Complexity of the purchase
- Currency conversion issues
- Difficulty in transactions
and so on.
"what if people could trade foreign companies
- in our country
- in our currency
- but without the companies having to list themselves here?"
ADR was born.
It's like a share certificate, issued by a U.S depository bank (like CDSL here), but on a foreign company.
Usually one ADR unit represents one share of the foreign company.
The depository bank buys the foreign company shares in the foreign exchange.
This depository bank holds the purchased shares as inventory.
It issues respective ADR for domestic trading.
The ADR is issued & traded in US Dollars.
It will then list those shares as ADR Units costing ~$18 per ADR unit in the US exchanges.
It's usually listed in NYSE or NASDAQ, sometimes Over-The-Counter too.
i) Sponsored ADR:
- Company enters into a legal agreement with a specific depository bank
- Lists the ADR through the depository
- Company retains control over the ADRs
- A depository bank in the US issues ADR by itself
- without any permission or involvement from the actual company whose shares it is listing as ADR.
There may be many unsponsored ADRs, but there could be only one sponsored ADR.
If ITC doesn't show an interest in doing ADR the sponsored way, the depository can list it as an unsponsored ADR, and name it ITCU, pricing it at $3 per ADR.
i) Level 1:
- ADRs won't be listed on an exchange.
- Company can't raise capital
- Very loose regulatory requirements from SEC
- Highly speculative
- Only trades OTC
- Inexpensive way for a company to gauge US investor interest.
- Can't be used to raise capital
- Trades on an exchange
- Slightly more regulatory requirements from SEC compared to level 1
- Higher visibility + trading volume since listed in an exchange
It should also file Form 20-F (equivalent of Form 10-K annual report) annually.
In the filings, it has to follow the U.S GAAP financial reporting standards.
- Most prestigious type of sponsored ADR, highest level a company can get.
- Very strict rules imposed by SEC on the company.
- Foreign company can raise capital also.
- Issuing companies are subject to full reporting requirements.
listing to raise capital on NYSE/NASDAQ requires for the company to file Form F-1 with SEC.
Apart from this, the company must file Form 20-F annually, and updates on any news announcements.
Dividends will be net of currency conversion expenses and foreign taxes.
Due to taxes being covered, U.S investors seek credit from the IRS to avoid double taxation on cap gains.
In case of sponsored ADRs, either the foreign company or the depository bank can choose to cancel/terminate the issue.
- the company/depository will inform the ADR holders,
- give them the option to swap the ADRs for the actual company shares (listed in the foreign exchange).
The holders can register with a broker (like Zerodha) to take possession.
Holders will continue to collect dividends.
It will be the equivalent of an unlisted company shares.
Currency conversion is one of the hurdles.
Regulatory differences pose another significant hurdle.
But, since they are from U.S, they'd only be familiar with U.S GAAP.
So, this renders into a confusing situation where they may misunderstand some reporting elements.
A company can also list in any other country following this format.
Such securities are called Global Depository Receipts (GDRs).
More from Shravan Venkataraman ๐ฅ๐๐ฐ
In today's round up, I have some amazing threads, resources, and plenty of solid advice for business, finance, career from twitter.
Here's the roundup of 17 of the best and the most useful threads, tweets, and resources I found last week. ๐งต
1/ How to find spreadsheets on any topic in the
2/ A thread by @wes_kao on making your customers hungry and excited to buy from
3/ Life brings you a lot of afflictions. But if you look around, there's a lot of beauty around you. Most often, drowning in the afflictions, we can't recognise or appreciate the beauty.
@wdmorrisjr wrote a damn good thread on finding beauty around us.
4/ This one is for all the job goers and job seekers.
@SahilBloom who recently hit 500k followers and has several accomplishments to his belt (career wise) wrote this thread on standing out in a hiring
Here's the roundup of 17 of the best and the most useful threads, tweets, and resources I found last week. ๐งต
1/ How to find spreadsheets on any topic in the
How to find spreadsheets on any topic in the world:
— Blake Emal (@heyblake) February 13, 2022
1. Go to Google
2. Search site:docs(dot)Google(dot)com/spreadsheets \u201cYOUR TOPIC\u201d
3. Search, scroll, succeed pic.twitter.com/VJsYQKyi0J
2/ A thread by @wes_kao on making your customers hungry and excited to buy from
How to get customers excited, hungry to buy, and ready to say yes:
— Wes Kao \U0001f3db (@wes_kao) February 13, 2022
3/ Life brings you a lot of afflictions. But if you look around, there's a lot of beauty around you. Most often, drowning in the afflictions, we can't recognise or appreciate the beauty.
@wdmorrisjr wrote a damn good thread on finding beauty around us.
You\u2019re not looking for more success, stuff, or sex.
— David Morris (@wdmorrisjr) February 13, 2022
You\u2019re searching for beauty.
Here\u2019s how to find it: \U0001f9f5
4/ This one is for all the job goers and job seekers.
@SahilBloom who recently hit 500k followers and has several accomplishments to his belt (career wise) wrote this thread on standing out in a hiring
10 ways to stand out in a hiring process (that don\u2019t involve your resume):
— Sahil Bloom (@SahilBloom) February 13, 2022
Have you ever had 4-5 profitable trades in a row, and you bet all your profits on your next trade feeling "in the zone" only to lose it all?
That's called as "hot-hand fallacy" bias.
I ran a poll recently to outline two classic biases we have as humans.
Thread below ๐๐
1/ *Hot-Hand Fallacy* first had its origin in the game of basketball.
If a player shoots few baskets in a row, people generally predict that the next shot will also be a basket.
This is ignoring the fact that each shot is independent of the ones that came prior.
2/ In this poll, 41.1% people voted that the batsman who hit 4 sixes in a row, will hit a sixer in the 5th ball also.
This is classic hot-hand fallacy.
Each ball's outcome is independent.
The probability is not 50% FYI (number of outcomes is not 2).
These 148 people who voted that the next ball will also be a sixer, did so because they believe that the batsman is on a hot streak, and that his streak would continue.
This is an emotional bias and is usually attached to human performance related events only.
3/ 45.3% (162) people voted that the 5th ball would be a dot ball, meaning the batsman wouldn't score anything.
These people displayed the classic "negative-recency" bias, which is also called the "Gambler's Fallacy".
That's called as "hot-hand fallacy" bias.
I ran a poll recently to outline two classic biases we have as humans.
Thread below ๐๐
Let's say you see a cricketer hit four 6's in a row.
— Shravan Venkataraman \U0001f525\U0001f680\U0001f4b0 (@theBuoyantMan) December 30, 2020
If you have to bet on the next ball's outcome, what would you bet on?
1/ *Hot-Hand Fallacy* first had its origin in the game of basketball.
If a player shoots few baskets in a row, people generally predict that the next shot will also be a basket.
This is ignoring the fact that each shot is independent of the ones that came prior.
2/ In this poll, 41.1% people voted that the batsman who hit 4 sixes in a row, will hit a sixer in the 5th ball also.
This is classic hot-hand fallacy.
Each ball's outcome is independent.
The probability is not 50% FYI (number of outcomes is not 2).
These 148 people who voted that the next ball will also be a sixer, did so because they believe that the batsman is on a hot streak, and that his streak would continue.
This is an emotional bias and is usually attached to human performance related events only.
3/ 45.3% (162) people voted that the 5th ball would be a dot ball, meaning the batsman wouldn't score anything.
These people displayed the classic "negative-recency" bias, which is also called the "Gambler's Fallacy".
** MEGA THREAD ON Cryptocurrencies/Blockchain**
I wanted to know the best resources to learn about cryptocurrencies and blockchain for someone with zero knowledge. I asked Twitter, and Twitter answered.
This thread is a compilation of the best resources I was recommended. ๐๐
Let's start with ** BOOKS **
The first thing you should do before you pick up any book:
Learn about Bitcoin & Ethereum by reading the respective whitepapers.
- [Bitcoin white paper](https://t.co/cErOaFn6QL) by Satoshi Nakamoto
- [Ethereum White paper] (https://t.co/0g5kYCGJGq) by Vitalik Buterin
Even if you are not tech savvy, you can get a good grasp about how blockchain functions from these papers.
1) *The Basics of Bitcoins and Blockchains: An Introduction to Cryptocurrencies and the Technology that Powers Them* by Antony Lewis
This book covers topics such as the history of Bitcoin, the Bitcoin blockchain, and Bitcoin buying, selling, and mining.
It also answers how payments are made and how transactions are kept secure.
Other cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency pricing are examined, answering how one puts a value on cryptocurrencies and digital tokens.
I wanted to know the best resources to learn about cryptocurrencies and blockchain for someone with zero knowledge. I asked Twitter, and Twitter answered.
This thread is a compilation of the best resources I was recommended. ๐๐
Let's start with ** BOOKS **
The first thing you should do before you pick up any book:
Learn about Bitcoin & Ethereum by reading the respective whitepapers.
- [Bitcoin white paper](https://t.co/cErOaFn6QL) by Satoshi Nakamoto
- [Ethereum White paper] (https://t.co/0g5kYCGJGq) by Vitalik Buterin
Even if you are not tech savvy, you can get a good grasp about how blockchain functions from these papers.
1) *The Basics of Bitcoins and Blockchains: An Introduction to Cryptocurrencies and the Technology that Powers Them* by Antony Lewis
This book covers topics such as the history of Bitcoin, the Bitcoin blockchain, and Bitcoin buying, selling, and mining.
It also answers how payments are made and how transactions are kept secure.
Other cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency pricing are examined, answering how one puts a value on cryptocurrencies and digital tokens.
More from Finance
Ok here is the explanation. Grab a cup of coffee and read on. If you have not read/noticed this, you will see intraday options movement in a new light.
Say we have two options, one 50 delta ATM options and another 30 delta OTM option. Normally for a 100 point move, the ATM option will move 50 points and the OTM option will move 30 points. But in a high volatile environment, the OTM option will also move nearly 50 points
To understand why this happens, first understand why an ATM option is 50 delta. An ATM option has the probability of 50% of expiring as ITM. The price just has to close a rupee above the strike for the CE to be ITM and vice versa for PEs
Now think of a highly volatile day like today. If someone is asked where the BNF will close for the day or expiry, no one can answer. BNF can close freakin anywhere, That makes every option of an equal probability of being ITM. So all options have a 50% probability of being ITM
Hence, when a huge volatile move starts, all OTM options behave like ATM options. This phenomenon was first observed in the Black Monday crash of 1987 at Wall Street, which also gave rise to the volatility skew/smirk
In a high IV environment or when the market is very volatile
— Subhadip Nandy (@SubhadipNandy16) January 21, 2022
" OTM options will behave like ATM options", one will get almost the same delta movement
Say we have two options, one 50 delta ATM options and another 30 delta OTM option. Normally for a 100 point move, the ATM option will move 50 points and the OTM option will move 30 points. But in a high volatile environment, the OTM option will also move nearly 50 points
To understand why this happens, first understand why an ATM option is 50 delta. An ATM option has the probability of 50% of expiring as ITM. The price just has to close a rupee above the strike for the CE to be ITM and vice versa for PEs
Now think of a highly volatile day like today. If someone is asked where the BNF will close for the day or expiry, no one can answer. BNF can close freakin anywhere, That makes every option of an equal probability of being ITM. So all options have a 50% probability of being ITM
Hence, when a huge volatile move starts, all OTM options behave like ATM options. This phenomenon was first observed in the Black Monday crash of 1987 at Wall Street, which also gave rise to the volatility skew/smirk
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๐ฟ๐ป๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐บ๐๐๐ : ๐ซ๐๐๐๐๐ & ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐
Once upon a time there was a Raja named Uttฤnapฤda born of Svayambhuva Manu,1st man on earth.He had 2 beautiful wives - Suniti & Suruchi & two sons were born of them Dhruva & Uttama respectively.
#talesofkrishna https://t.co/E85MTPkF9W
Now Suniti was the daughter of a tribal chief while Suruchi was the daughter of a rich king. Hence Suruchi was always favored the most by Raja while Suniti was ignored. But while Suniti was gentle & kind hearted by nature Suruchi was venomous inside.
#KrishnaLeela
The story is of a time when ideally the eldest son of the king becomes the heir to the throne. Hence the sinhasan of the Raja belonged to Dhruva.This is why Suruchi who was the 2nd wife nourished poison in her heart for Dhruva as she knew her son will never get the throne.
One day when Dhruva was just 5 years old he went on to sit on his father's lap. Suruchi, the jealous queen, got enraged and shoved him away from Raja as she never wanted Raja to shower Dhruva with his fatherly affection.
Dhruva protested questioning his step mother "why can't i sit on my own father's lap?" A furious Suruchi berated him saying "only God can allow him that privilege. Go ask him"
Once upon a time there was a Raja named Uttฤnapฤda born of Svayambhuva Manu,1st man on earth.He had 2 beautiful wives - Suniti & Suruchi & two sons were born of them Dhruva & Uttama respectively.
#talesofkrishna https://t.co/E85MTPkF9W
Prabhu says i reside in the heart of my bhakt.
— Right Singh (@rightwingchora) December 21, 2020
Guess the event. pic.twitter.com/yFUmbfe5KL
Now Suniti was the daughter of a tribal chief while Suruchi was the daughter of a rich king. Hence Suruchi was always favored the most by Raja while Suniti was ignored. But while Suniti was gentle & kind hearted by nature Suruchi was venomous inside.
#KrishnaLeela
The story is of a time when ideally the eldest son of the king becomes the heir to the throne. Hence the sinhasan of the Raja belonged to Dhruva.This is why Suruchi who was the 2nd wife nourished poison in her heart for Dhruva as she knew her son will never get the throne.
One day when Dhruva was just 5 years old he went on to sit on his father's lap. Suruchi, the jealous queen, got enraged and shoved him away from Raja as she never wanted Raja to shower Dhruva with his fatherly affection.
Dhruva protested questioning his step mother "why can't i sit on my own father's lap?" A furious Suruchi berated him saying "only God can allow him that privilege. Go ask him"
1/12
RT-PCR corona (test) scam
Symptomatic people are tested for one and only one respiratory virus. This means that other acute respiratory infections are reclassified as
2/12
It is tested exquisitely with a hypersensitive non-specific RT-PCR test / Ct >35 (>30 is nonsense, >35 is madness), without considering Ct and clinical context. This means that more acute respiratory infections are reclassified as
3/12
The Drosten RT-PCR test is fabricated in a way that each country and laboratory perform it differently at too high Ct and that the high rate of false positives increases massively due to cross-reaction with other (corona) viruses in the "flu
4/12
Even asymptomatic, previously called healthy, people are tested (en masse) in this way, although there is no epidemiologically relevant asymptomatic transmission. This means that even healthy people are declared as COVID
5/12
Deaths within 28 days after a positive RT-PCR test from whatever cause are designated as deaths WITH COVID. This means that other causes of death are reclassified as
RT-PCR corona (test) scam
Symptomatic people are tested for one and only one respiratory virus. This means that other acute respiratory infections are reclassified as
4/10
— Dr. Thomas Binder, MD (@Thomas_Binder) October 22, 2020
...indication, first of all that testing for a (single) respiratory virus is done outside of surveillance systems or need for specific therapy, but even so the lack of consideration of Ct, symptoms and clinical findings when interpreting its result. https://t.co/gHH6kwRdZG
2/12
It is tested exquisitely with a hypersensitive non-specific RT-PCR test / Ct >35 (>30 is nonsense, >35 is madness), without considering Ct and clinical context. This means that more acute respiratory infections are reclassified as
6/10
— Dr. Thomas Binder, MD (@Thomas_Binder) October 22, 2020
The neither validated nor standardised hypersensitive RT-PCR test / Ct 35-45 for SARS-CoV-2 is abused to mislabel (also) other diseases, especially influenza, as COVID-19.https://t.co/AkFIfTCTkS
3/12
The Drosten RT-PCR test is fabricated in a way that each country and laboratory perform it differently at too high Ct and that the high rate of false positives increases massively due to cross-reaction with other (corona) viruses in the "flu
External peer review of the RTPCR test to detect SARS-CoV-2 reveals 10 major scientific flaws at the molecular and methodological level: consequences for false positive results.https://t.co/mbNY8bdw1p pic.twitter.com/OQBD4grMth
— Dr. Thomas Binder, MD (@Thomas_Binder) November 29, 2020
4/12
Even asymptomatic, previously called healthy, people are tested (en masse) in this way, although there is no epidemiologically relevant asymptomatic transmission. This means that even healthy people are declared as COVID
Thread web\u2b06\ufe0f\u2b07\ufe0f
— Dr. Thomas Binder, MD (@Thomas_Binder) December 16, 2020
The fabrication of the "asymptomatic (super) spreader" is the coronation of the total nons(ci)ense in the belief system of #CoronasWitnesses.
Asymptomatic transmission 0.7%; 95% CI 0%-4.9% - could well be 0%!https://t.co/VeZTzxXfvT
5/12
Deaths within 28 days after a positive RT-PCR test from whatever cause are designated as deaths WITH COVID. This means that other causes of death are reclassified as
8/8
— Dr. Thomas Binder, MD (@Thomas_Binder) March 24, 2020
By the way, who the f*** created this obviously (almost) worldwide definition of #CoronaDeath?
This is not only medical malpractice, this is utterly insane!https://t.co/FFsTx4L2mw