There are few issues with that:
- Complexity of the purchase
- Currency conversion issues
- Difficulty in transactions
and so on.
You see so many people on Twitter saying
"Infosys ADR is up 5% today."
"ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank ADR ended highly positive today. Good move coming up for Banknifty."
Have you ever wondered what is ADR? You're not alone.
Time for a thread. 👇👇👇
There are few issues with that:
- Complexity of the purchase
- Currency conversion issues
- Difficulty in transactions
and so on.
"what if people could trade foreign companies
- in our country
- in our currency
- but without the companies having to list themselves here?"
ADR was born.
It's like a share certificate, issued by a U.S depository bank (like CDSL here), but on a foreign company.
Usually one ADR unit represents one share of the foreign company.
The depository bank buys the foreign company shares in the foreign exchange.
This depository bank holds the purchased shares as inventory.
It issues respective ADR for domestic trading.
The ADR is issued & traded in US Dollars.
It will then list those shares as ADR Units costing ~$18 per ADR unit in the US exchanges.
It's usually listed in NYSE or NASDAQ, sometimes Over-The-Counter too.
i) Sponsored ADR:
- Company enters into a legal agreement with a specific depository bank
- Lists the ADR through the depository
- Company retains control over the ADRs
- A depository bank in the US issues ADR by itself
- without any permission or involvement from the actual company whose shares it is listing as ADR.
There may be many unsponsored ADRs, but there could be only one sponsored ADR.
If ITC doesn't show an interest in doing ADR the sponsored way, the depository can list it as an unsponsored ADR, and name it ITCU, pricing it at $3 per ADR.
i) Level 1:
- ADRs won't be listed on an exchange.
- Company can't raise capital
- Very loose regulatory requirements from SEC
- Highly speculative
- Only trades OTC
- Inexpensive way for a company to gauge US investor interest.
- Can't be used to raise capital
- Trades on an exchange
- Slightly more regulatory requirements from SEC compared to level 1
- Higher visibility + trading volume since listed in an exchange
It should also file Form 20-F (equivalent of Form 10-K annual report) annually.
In the filings, it has to follow the U.S GAAP financial reporting standards.
- Most prestigious type of sponsored ADR, highest level a company can get.
- Very strict rules imposed by SEC on the company.
- Foreign company can raise capital also.
- Issuing companies are subject to full reporting requirements.
listing to raise capital on NYSE/NASDAQ requires for the company to file Form F-1 with SEC.
Apart from this, the company must file Form 20-F annually, and updates on any news announcements.
Dividends will be net of currency conversion expenses and foreign taxes.
Due to taxes being covered, U.S investors seek credit from the IRS to avoid double taxation on cap gains.
In case of sponsored ADRs, either the foreign company or the depository bank can choose to cancel/terminate the issue.
- the company/depository will inform the ADR holders,
- give them the option to swap the ADRs for the actual company shares (listed in the foreign exchange).
The holders can register with a broker (like Zerodha) to take possession.
Holders will continue to collect dividends.
It will be the equivalent of an unlisted company shares.
Currency conversion is one of the hurdles.
Regulatory differences pose another significant hurdle.
But, since they are from U.S, they'd only be familiar with U.S GAAP.
So, this renders into a confusing situation where they may misunderstand some reporting elements.
A company can also list in any other country following this format.
Such securities are called Global Depository Receipts (GDRs).
More from Shravan Venkataraman 🔥🚀💰
Have you ever had 4-5 profitable trades in a row, and you bet all your profits on your next trade feeling "in the zone" only to lose it all?
That's called as "hot-hand fallacy" bias.
I ran a poll recently to outline two classic biases we have as humans.
Thread below 👇👇
1/ *Hot-Hand Fallacy* first had its origin in the game of basketball.
If a player shoots few baskets in a row, people generally predict that the next shot will also be a basket.
This is ignoring the fact that each shot is independent of the ones that came prior.
2/ In this poll, 41.1% people voted that the batsman who hit 4 sixes in a row, will hit a sixer in the 5th ball also.
This is classic hot-hand fallacy.
Each ball's outcome is independent.
The probability is not 50% FYI (number of outcomes is not 2).
These 148 people who voted that the next ball will also be a sixer, did so because they believe that the batsman is on a hot streak, and that his streak would continue.
This is an emotional bias and is usually attached to human performance related events only.
3/ 45.3% (162) people voted that the 5th ball would be a dot ball, meaning the batsman wouldn't score anything.
These people displayed the classic "negative-recency" bias, which is also called the "Gambler's Fallacy".
That's called as "hot-hand fallacy" bias.
I ran a poll recently to outline two classic biases we have as humans.
Thread below 👇👇
Let's say you see a cricketer hit four 6's in a row.
— Shravan Venkataraman \U0001f525\U0001f680\U0001f4b0 (@theBuoyantMan) December 30, 2020
If you have to bet on the next ball's outcome, what would you bet on?
1/ *Hot-Hand Fallacy* first had its origin in the game of basketball.
If a player shoots few baskets in a row, people generally predict that the next shot will also be a basket.
This is ignoring the fact that each shot is independent of the ones that came prior.
2/ In this poll, 41.1% people voted that the batsman who hit 4 sixes in a row, will hit a sixer in the 5th ball also.
This is classic hot-hand fallacy.
Each ball's outcome is independent.
The probability is not 50% FYI (number of outcomes is not 2).
These 148 people who voted that the next ball will also be a sixer, did so because they believe that the batsman is on a hot streak, and that his streak would continue.
This is an emotional bias and is usually attached to human performance related events only.
3/ 45.3% (162) people voted that the 5th ball would be a dot ball, meaning the batsman wouldn't score anything.
These people displayed the classic "negative-recency" bias, which is also called the "Gambler's Fallacy".
More from Finance
Thread: P&F Super Pattern
An effective price pattern defined using properties of P&F charts.
#Superpattern #Pointandfigure #Definedge
Point & Figure is an oldest charting method where price is plotted vertically, and the chart moves only when price moves. It is a different way of looking at the price, the objective box-value and reversal value offers advantage of identifying objective price patterns.
When price is moving up, it is plotted in a column of 'X'. When it is going down, it is plotted in a column of ‘O’. Normally, three-box reversal criteria is used to define the trend & reversal. Unlike a bar or candle, the P&F column can have multiple sessions in it.
Link to know more about the subject:
https://t.co/2xtLAVPBvm
See below chart. Price is in a strong uptrend, P&F chart would produce a long of column of 'X' with more number of boxes in it.
If such a trend is followed by some time bars without meaningful price correct, P&F chart would not move, and it will remain in column of 'X' in such a scenario.
An effective price pattern defined using properties of P&F charts.
#Superpattern #Pointandfigure #Definedge
Point & Figure is an oldest charting method where price is plotted vertically, and the chart moves only when price moves. It is a different way of looking at the price, the objective box-value and reversal value offers advantage of identifying objective price patterns.
When price is moving up, it is plotted in a column of 'X'. When it is going down, it is plotted in a column of ‘O’. Normally, three-box reversal criteria is used to define the trend & reversal. Unlike a bar or candle, the P&F column can have multiple sessions in it.
Link to know more about the subject:
https://t.co/2xtLAVPBvm
See below chart. Price is in a strong uptrend, P&F chart would produce a long of column of 'X' with more number of boxes in it.
If such a trend is followed by some time bars without meaningful price correct, P&F chart would not move, and it will remain in column of 'X' in such a scenario.
Here are all the threads posted by @AdityaTodmal and @niki_poojary in January: 🧵
• 8 powerful ways to use Twitter
• Power of Stocks
• 14 Trading Strategies
• Basics of Derivatives (3 parts)
• Technical Analysis for all sectors
• Tweets of the week
• Books on Futures
All the Top 10 tweets threads I have ever posted to date:
Basics of Derivatives Part 1:
8 powerful ways to use Twitter:
Basics of Derivatives Part 2:
• 8 powerful ways to use Twitter
• Power of Stocks
• 14 Trading Strategies
• Basics of Derivatives (3 parts)
• Technical Analysis for all sectors
• Tweets of the week
• Books on Futures
All the Top 10 tweets threads I have ever posted to date:
Every week, I post a thread with the top ten tweets.
— Aditya Todmal (@AdityaTodmal) January 7, 2022
People seem to enjoy these a lot.
\U0001f9f5 Here's a list of all of them in order of appearance: \U0001f9f5
Basics of Derivatives Part 1:
\U0001d401\U0001d41a\U0001d42c\U0001d422\U0001d41c\U0001d42c \U0001d428\U0001d41f \U0001d403\U0001d41e\U0001d42b\U0001d422\U0001d42f\U0001d41a\U0001d42d\U0001d422\U0001d42f\U0001d41e\U0001d42c
— Nikita Poojary (@niki_poojary) January 8, 2022
\u2022 What is a derivative
\u2022 Various derivative products
\u2022 Participants in derivatives market
\u2022 Uses of derivative instruments
\u2022 Beta & hedge ratio
\u2022 Option Greeks
Time for a Thread \U0001f9f5
Curated in collaboration with @AdityaTodmal pic.twitter.com/x6IHoQubOT
8 powerful ways to use Twitter:
Most of the Trading community doesn\u2019t know how to use Twitter effectively.
— Aditya Todmal (@AdityaTodmal) January 15, 2022
Here are 8 powerful ways to use Twitter: \U0001f9f5
Collaborated with @niki_poojary pic.twitter.com/TuZt72PIzd
Basics of Derivatives Part 2:
\U0001d401\U0001d41a\U0001d42c\U0001d422\U0001d41c\U0001d42c \U0001d428\U0001d41f \U0001d403\U0001d41e\U0001d42b\U0001d422\U0001d42f\U0001d41a\U0001d42d\U0001d422\U0001d42f\U0001d41e\U0001d42c - \U0001d40f\U0001d41a\U0001d42b\U0001d42d \U0001d408\U0001d408
— Nikita Poojary (@niki_poojary) January 15, 2022
\u2022 How options can be used
\u2022 How to trade in options & exit strategy- buyers
\u2022 Imp of theta decay
\u2022 How to trade in options & exit strategy -sellers
Time for a Thread\U0001f9f5
Curated in collaboration with@AdityaTodmal pic.twitter.com/Ebd99afDKB
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@EricTopol @NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad B.1.1.7 reveals clearly that SARS-CoV-2 is reverting to its original pre-outbreak condition, i.e. adapted to transgenic hACE2 mice (either Baric's BALB/c ones or others used at WIV labs during chimeric bat coronavirus experiments aimed at developing a pan betacoronavirus vaccine)
@NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad 1. From Day 1, SARS-COV-2 was very well adapted to humans .....and transgenic hACE2 Mice
@NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad 2. High Probability of serial passaging in Transgenic Mice expressing hACE2 in genesis of SARS-COV-2
@NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad B.1.1.7 has an unusually large number of genetic changes, ... found to date in mouse-adapted SARS-CoV2 and is also seen in ferret infections.
https://t.co/9Z4oJmkcKj
@NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad We adapted a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 by serial passaging in the ... Thus, this mouse-adapted strain and associated challenge model should be ... (B) SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA loads in mouse lung homogenates at P0 to P6.
https://t.co/I90OOCJg7o
@NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad 1. From Day 1, SARS-COV-2 was very well adapted to humans .....and transgenic hACE2 Mice
1. From Day 1, SARS-COV-2 was very well adapted to humans .....and transgenic hACE2 Mice
— Billy Bostickson \U0001f3f4\U0001f441&\U0001f441 \U0001f193 (@BillyBostickson) January 30, 2021
"we generated a mouse model expressing hACE2 by using CRISPR/Cas9 knockin technology. In comparison with wild-type C57BL/6 mice, both young & aged hACE2 mice sustained high viral loads... pic.twitter.com/j94XtSkscj
@NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad 2. High Probability of serial passaging in Transgenic Mice expressing hACE2 in genesis of SARS-COV-2
1. High Probability of serial passaging in Transgenic Mice expressing hACE2 in genesis of SARS-COV-2!
— Billy Bostickson \U0001f3f4\U0001f441&\U0001f441 \U0001f193 (@BillyBostickson) January 2, 2021
2 papers:
Human\u2013viral molecular mimicryhttps://t.co/irfH0Zgrve
Molecular Mimicryhttps://t.co/yLQoUtfS6s https://t.co/lsCv2iMEQz
@NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad B.1.1.7 has an unusually large number of genetic changes, ... found to date in mouse-adapted SARS-CoV2 and is also seen in ferret infections.
https://t.co/9Z4oJmkcKj
@NBA @StephenKissler @yhgrad We adapted a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 by serial passaging in the ... Thus, this mouse-adapted strain and associated challenge model should be ... (B) SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA loads in mouse lung homogenates at P0 to P6.
https://t.co/I90OOCJg7o
