The distinction of measuring the time in a scientific manner is achieved only by Bhāratīyas. Time has been measured from the smallest dimension to infiniteness. Even Time is envisioned as God and venerated. Paramēśvara was extolled as ‘Mahākāla’, the very embodiment of Time.


1 day is divided into 24 hōras. Based on this only, later a day is divided into 24 hours.
आरुणो अरोचनो मासक्रिन् - मासानां चन्द्र मासानां च कर्ता भवति !!
Fortnights, months, and years are counted based upon the movement of Sun and Moon.
Coz it is hard to count fortnights based on Sūrya Siddhānta,
Time is divided giving names to twelve months & 60 years.
Once the cycle of sixty years is complete, they repeat themselves.


Based on the transformations in nature, one-year time is divided into 6 seasons.
Vasanta - chaitra, vaisākha
Grīṣma - jyēṣṭha, āṣāḍha
Varṣa - śrāvaṇa, bhādrapada
Śarad – āśvīyuja, kārtīkamu
Hēmanta – mārgaśira, puṣya
Śiśira – māgha, phālguṇa

Indian scriptures scientifically detail how to carve out one’s lifestyle based on seasonal changes.
Based on the arrangement of stars in the celestial sphere, the twelve zodiacs starting from Aries to Pisces formed. During the rotation of earth around Sun, Saṅkramaṇa is formed whenever Sun enters into that specific zodiac.

Two among them are very prominent –
1. Makara saṅkramaṇa day when Sun enters into Capricorn

Makara Sankranti is celebrated as ‘Sankranti’ festival (Pongal).
āyana:
‘āyana’ means journey. One year is divided into two āyanas –
1. Uttarāyana and
2. Dakṣināyana.
The Indian Time measurement didn't stop with years, but went forward to calculate the Yugas.

Four yugas are mentioned taking the above yugas as parts within them. They are – Kr̥ta, trētā, Dvāpara & Kali.
2. trētā – 12,96,000 years
3. Dvāpara – 8,64,000 years
4. Kali – 4,32,000 years.
Combined, all these four yugas is called one ‘Mahā yuga’ = 43,20,000 years
Time is relative.
1 yr on earth is equal to 1 day for gods.
71 mahā yugas is 1 manvantara.
14 manvantaras are mentioned in our scriptures & each has diff Indra as head of gods.

1,000 mahā yugas is called 1 kalpa.
1 kalpa is day & another kalpa is night for Brahma.
Lifetime of Brahma, the Creator 1Mahā Kalpa – 311,040,000,000,000 years

Current Manvantara – Vaivasvata, the 7th manvantara
Kalpa – Nighttime of Brahma
Mahā Yuga – 28th Mahā Yuga
Current Yuga – Kali Yuga
Current Year – 5121 year in Kali Yuga

and the entire universe present at that time
dissolves into the Supreme. Again, creation
starts.
This is the ‘Cycle of Time’.
Details of Śakas :
Derived from the rule of great emperors, (not based on Christ),
1. Yudhiṣṭhira śakamu – Began in 3102 B.C. & continued for 3044 years
2. Vikrama śakamu – Began in 57 B.C. & continued for 135 years
Future śakas are also determined.
4. Vijayābhinandana śakamu – Duration is 10,000 years
5. Nāgārjuna śakamu – Duration is 400,000 years
6. Kalki śakamu – 821 years before the end of kali yuga.
Further scientific explorations of Bhāratīyas enabled them to establish the relationship between timelines of people living on this earth in relationship with stars & planets present in space.

Even from the times of Newton, Physics proposed many theories such as Multiverse theory, which states ..
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It's another stunning Malagasy #dartfrog/#poisonfrog for today's #FrogOfTheDay, #42 Mantella cowani Boulenger, 1882! A highly threatened, actively conserved and managed frog from the highlands of central #Madagascar
#MadagascarFrogs
📸D.Edmonds/CalPhotos
This thread will cover only a tiny fraction of the work on Mantella cowanii because, being so charismatic and threatened, it has received quite a bit of attention.
#MadagascarFrogs
We start at the very beginning: the first specimens, two females, were collected by Reverend Deans Cowan in East Betsileo, Madagascar, and sent to London, where George Albert Boulenger described the species in 1882.
#MadagascarFrogs
Boulenger placed the species in his new genus, Mantella, along with ebenaui, betsileo, and madagascariensis. He recognised that the other Malagasy poison frogs were distinct from the Dendrobates of the Americas, although he did keep them in the Dendrobatidae.
#MadagascarFrogs
As more specimens were collected, it became clear that the species was highly variable. In 1978, Jean Guibé wrote with interest about this variability, describing a new subspecies, M. cowani nigricans—today a full species. #MadagascarFrogs
https://t.co/dwaHMbrYbj
#MadagascarFrogs
📸D.Edmonds/CalPhotos

This thread will cover only a tiny fraction of the work on Mantella cowanii because, being so charismatic and threatened, it has received quite a bit of attention.
#MadagascarFrogs
We start at the very beginning: the first specimens, two females, were collected by Reverend Deans Cowan in East Betsileo, Madagascar, and sent to London, where George Albert Boulenger described the species in 1882.
#MadagascarFrogs

Boulenger placed the species in his new genus, Mantella, along with ebenaui, betsileo, and madagascariensis. He recognised that the other Malagasy poison frogs were distinct from the Dendrobates of the Americas, although he did keep them in the Dendrobatidae.
#MadagascarFrogs
As more specimens were collected, it became clear that the species was highly variable. In 1978, Jean Guibé wrote with interest about this variability, describing a new subspecies, M. cowani nigricans—today a full species. #MadagascarFrogs
https://t.co/dwaHMbrYbj

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MDZS is laden with buddhist references. As a South Asian person, and history buff, it is so interesting to see how Buddhism, which originated from India, migrated, flourished & changed in the context of China. Here's some research (🙏🏼 @starkjeon for CN insight + citations)
1. LWJ’s sword Bichen ‘is likely an abbreviation for the term 躲避红尘 (duǒ bì hóng chén), which can be translated as such: 躲避: shunning or hiding away from 红尘 (worldly affairs; which is a buddhist teaching.) (https://t.co/zF65W3roJe) (abbrev. TWX)
2. Sandu (三 毒), Jiang Cheng’s sword, refers to the three poisons (triviṣa) in Buddhism; desire (kāma-taṇhā), delusion (bhava-taṇhā) and hatred (vibhava-taṇhā).
These 3 poisons represent the roots of craving (tanha) and are the cause of Dukkha (suffering, pain) and thus result in rebirth.
Interesting that MXTX used this name for one of the characters who suffers, arguably, the worst of these three emotions.
3. The Qian kun purse “乾坤袋 (qián kūn dài) – can be called “Heaven and Earth” Pouch. In Buddhism, Maitreya (मैत्रेय) owns this to store items. It was believed that there was a mythical space inside the bag that could absorb the world.” (TWX)
1. LWJ’s sword Bichen ‘is likely an abbreviation for the term 躲避红尘 (duǒ bì hóng chén), which can be translated as such: 躲避: shunning or hiding away from 红尘 (worldly affairs; which is a buddhist teaching.) (https://t.co/zF65W3roJe) (abbrev. TWX)
2. Sandu (三 毒), Jiang Cheng’s sword, refers to the three poisons (triviṣa) in Buddhism; desire (kāma-taṇhā), delusion (bhava-taṇhā) and hatred (vibhava-taṇhā).
These 3 poisons represent the roots of craving (tanha) and are the cause of Dukkha (suffering, pain) and thus result in rebirth.
Interesting that MXTX used this name for one of the characters who suffers, arguably, the worst of these three emotions.
3. The Qian kun purse “乾坤袋 (qián kūn dài) – can be called “Heaven and Earth” Pouch. In Buddhism, Maitreya (मैत्रेय) owns this to store items. It was believed that there was a mythical space inside the bag that could absorb the world.” (TWX)