BC ITSTHLEARNINGS
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It's the weekend!

Grab a cup of coffee, in this thread we will explore

1. What is risk management?
2. What is position sizing?
3. How to apply both these concepts to reduce volatility and drawdowns in your portfolio?

Lets dive right in.

 What does losing $20 Billion in 24 hours and A Bank being sold for less than $1, have in common?

The answer is Risk Management.
Through this thread we will explore 2 stories - Stories that will teach us the importance of risk management and position sizing in a portfolio.
These stories will show you that no matter

How Rich You Are
How Respected You Are
How Educated You Are

Improper risk management will blow up your portfolio and most likely bankrupt you.
Our first story is the story of Bill Hwang and the saga of Archegos Capital Management.
Bill Hwang was a somewhat a prodigy in finance and one of the wealthiest individual in US with a net worth of $20 Billion.
Bill Hwang had a modest upbringing, his family immigrated to the US from South Korea in 1980s. Soon after immigrating to US, his father passed away and Bill Hwang took up the night shift at a local McDonalds to help feed his family.
From these modest roots, Bill Hwang climbed up the ladder of finance and became one the most revered fund managers at Tiger Management started by the legendary hedge fund manager Julian Robertson.
Bill Hwang had to eventually shut down his hedge fund called Tiger Asia and from the proceeds of that fund he started his family office called Archegos Capital Management.
At Archegos, Bill Hwang turned $200 Million of his own money into $20 Billion in under 7 years.
Despite this wealth, Bill Hwang lived a modest living. He had a single house in suburban New Jersey and drive a Hyundai SUV.

No luxury houses and cars for him.
March 22, 2021

Viacom CBS announces a stock and convertible bond sale after market closes for that day.

Viacom wanted to raise money and for what so ever reason, market didn't like this new stock and bond sale from Viacom.
That week, Viacom CBS shares would lose 60% of its value.
And Bill Hwang would lose $20 Billion.
Why did Bill Hwang lose all his wealth with the drop of a single stock?

Cause, Bill Hwang was levered massively. He used a financial instrument called a total return swap (which is a type of OTC derivative) to leverage all his positions.
A simple 10% fall in any of his stocks was enough to trigger a margin call.
A margin call on one or two of his positions would have been fine, Bill would simply sell some of his other holdings to pay for the margin.
But, see as soon as the street realized that Archegos wasn't immediately able to pay for the margin call on Viacom shares, his other positions started to tank as well.
Bill had bought these Total Return Swaps with almost all the banks on Wall Street, if Bill wasn't able to fund his margin calls, these banks would be forced to liquidate his holdings and incur losses.
As these holdings were very large, the first bank to liquidate would be hurt the least.
Goldman Sachs was the first one to dump these holdings, Credit Suisse was the last.

Goldman escaped unscathed by this entire mess while Credit Suisse took one the biggest losses in their entire history.
As for Bill Hwang he lost it all, in matter of 24 hours.

$20 Billion, his life's earnings, all gone, poof, zero, zlich, nada!
The sad part is, all of Bill's stock holdings recovered most of their losses the next week, but because Bill was levered his portfolio didn't survive to see that day.
Lesson #1

Never take on leverage and never invest with borrowed money

Borrowed money is like the grim reaper that is waiting to kill your portfolio at the first instance

If a prodigy like Bill Hwang wasn't able to survive with leverage, why would you?
Had Bill hadn't leveraged himself, he would have survived and recovered most of his losses.
Bill was actually given the option by his banks to liquidate half his holdings and pay for the margin call. ~$10 Billion

After paying for the call, he would still be left with ~$10 Billion and live to survive another day.
Bill Hwang didn't agree to that.
Lesson #2

Be willing to take a loss.

No investment is without risk and knowing the risks in an investment will help you minimize losses if things go south.
Our second story highlights this lesson.
Barings Bank was one of the oldest bank in UK. At its prime, the Queen of England had an account there.

It was founded in 1762 and almost 233 years later in 1995, the Bank would be bought by ING for less than $1.
Barings hired a trader called Nick Leeson and Lesson single handedly bought the entire institution down.
Nick Leeson took on speculative trades in Japan's Nikkei's index during the Japanese market boom.

Leeson used to bet if the index would go up or down and if it moved in the direction he was betting he would make money.
Initially this worked and Leeson made a lot of money for the bank. The bank in return gave him a free leash and he was allowed to take as many trades irrespective of how speculative they were.
Just like with any bet that has 50:50 odds, these bets soon turned sour and Nick had to book losses.

Instead of stopping there Nick tried to recover these losses by hiding them from the Banks books and taking even larger bets in hopes that they would recover all the losses.
Nick would have maybe succeed too, had it not been for an earthquake in Japan that cause Nikkei to report one of the biggest single day falls.
Kobe Earthquake of 1995 was one of the most intense in Japan. While building his positions Leeson would have never imagined that an earthquake could occur and wipe his entire position and bring down his employer.
Lesson #3

You don't know, what you don't know.
If you're working with leverage and borrowed ideas then anything can wipe you out.

Your task as an investor is to be fully aware of every risk that the investment has.

The probability of some risks maybe higher than others but there is no investment with zero risk.
In each of these stories, the protagonist had made some common errors.

- They used excessive leverage
- They didn't know how to take a loss
- They threw risk management out the door
- Their positions didn't reflect the proper risk return ratio
Other than not taking any leverage, position sizing is extremely important in managing risk within a portfolio.
Here is an example of how I size my positions.

The three factors that I consider are

1. Margin of Safety
2. Depth of Research
3. Longevity of Earnings
Only when an opportunity checks of all three boxes is when I try to take a position in.

If my depth of research and longevity of earnings in a position is high then I will start with a small allocation and allocate big if margin of safety increases.
Risk comes from not knowing what you own and not from concentrating into positions you own.

Diversifying into 50 stocks will not eliminate the risk from your portfolio.

Knowing majority of risks of all 10 stocks you own will certainly help you manage it.
Look at the positions you own, determine their margin of safety, be honest with yourself about your depth of research and determine the longevity of earnings for these businesses.

You will get your answer on how much to allocate.
With this, we come to an end of this thread.
I hope this helped you understand what not to do and how to size positions in your portfolio.
If you find this thread useful then follow me
@itsTarH

I write a new thread every weekend.

All my previous work, can be found here.
https://t.co/az1Rsw05TO
I also teach a class on Personal Finance, if you're interested.

Sign up using the link below to get free 30 days access to it.

https://t.co/NWZOPx8dvW

https://t.co/r7uNYuqjsn
Also, write and publish long from articles on my substack (https://t.co/pOJSMEyzOn)

Subscribe for free, if you're interested.

Thank you to the 2000+ of you who already have!

Here is a recent deep dive I wrote on PolicyBazaar.
https://t.co/w14k2xE0fQ
If you want to know more about Archegos and Barnings Bank, here are two great videos that will help you learn.
Archegos Capital Management
https://t.co/XwPpgIV60D
Barings Bank
https://t.co/rSkzSCNvJj
Thank you for reading, please retweet the first tweet in this thread for a broader reach.

See you all next weekend!

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China Index has corrected ~40% since its peak


Lot of regulatory crackdown in China. Top rated companies are available for huge discounts. $BABA for example now has a market cap of less than 600 Billion and is bigger than Amazon in every regard.

I have been aggressively investing more in Chinese equities than Indian ones.

https://t.co/W1RWdKU3sy
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It's the weekend!

Grab a cup of coffee, in this thread I will explain

1. What is a Dividend Discount Model?
2. What are its main components?
3. How to use it to value a business?

Lets dive right in.


Before I explain what a Dividend Discount Mode is, lets understand what is the main crux of valuations?


The entire reason behind valuing something is to determine, how much return your investment will generate within a specified period of time.

Return here stands for the cash flow generated by the asset.


Every asset by its nature, will generate returns.

For Fixed Deposits = Returns are Interest Payments

For Real Estate = Returns are Rent Payments

For Debt Securities = Returns are coupon payments

For Stocks = Returns are Dividends + Any Appreciation in Stock Price

To perform the exercise of valuation means to determine what these returns are worth today.

Why?

Cause Rs 100 today is worth more than Rs 100, 10 years later.
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Lot of DMs on when to sell. Read the below thread and bookmark it.

It will answer all your questions on when, why and how to sell 👇🏼
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It's the weekend!

Grab a cup of coffee, in this thread I will explain

1. How to do Industry Research?
2. How to research a Company from scratch?
3. How to determine Margin of Safety and build an Investment Case?

Lets dive right in.


The most frequent question I get asked is - How should I research an industry or a trend?

A good question indeed and my answer to this is simple.

Read, Read and then Read some more.

The more knowledge you consume, the better you will be able to identify and link trends across industries.


But reading doesn't mean you need to pick a newspaper or start reading random articles over the internet.

Your reading and research needs to be structured.

This is where technology comes in to help and make our lives easier.

Today, algorithms run our world and decide what data you consume.

Be it Instagram posts, TikTok reels or YouTube videos.

So learn to trick these algorithms and use them to your advantage.
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Saw a few posts where #LaurusLabs is being floated as 100x candidate from here.

That would mean it would need a market cap of 35 lakh crore+ ($466 Billion) to achieve that goal.

Not going to happen.

Most optimistic goal is a 3 lakh cr market cap ($40 Billion) in next 10 yrs.

Don't fall for accounts selling you false hope
Apply some common sense

Folks who bought Laurus at its lowest of Rs 52 per share may (Big May) see a 100 bagger, entering now will not

Laurus is my largest position, so this is not a criticism, just setting realistic expectations
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Tar \u26a1
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Asset Allocation doesn't have one clear answer and shouldn't depend on stage of the market.

It depends on your

- Risk Appetite
- Goals
- Psychology
- Age
- Responsibilities

1/n https://t.co/aJjy4N90J9


Someone who is

Young
Right out of College
Doesn't Need Money for Next 10 years
Doesn't Have any Dependents

should be allocated more towards Equities than someone who is

Old
Heading for Retirement
Needs Consistent Income
Has Many Dependents

2/n

Your psychology also has the biggest impact. Are you someone who gets afraid and loses sleep over 5 to 10% drawdowns and wants to book profits as soon as an investment gains in value

or Are you someone who can sit peacefully and do not let the daily movement of market impact you

Also allocate based on Goals.

(Extract taken from my Personal Finance Course, Releasing on SkillShare on Sunday, link to sign up for a Free access below)

https://t.co/IdBvCqO2DH
ITSTHLEARNINGS
Tar \u26a1
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This is pretty much all there is to valuations 👇🏼 I personally follow this same process.

(Excuse the handwriting, rough notes from CFA L2 Equity Valuations)
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