ЁЯЪиNew paper on "Psychology as a historical science" w/ @JoHenrich & @slingerland20 in Annual Review of Psychology. Catalyzing the field of "historical psychology" by reviewing work on: origins of psychology and institutions today, psychology of the past (data from dead minds) 1/

Our psychology is shaped by our societies, and our societies are shaped by their histories. We can do better than butterfly collecting--just measuring cross-cultural diffs. For psychology to develop a full theory of human behavior, we need historical psychology. 2/
Psychology is shaped by millions of years of genetic evolution, thousands of years of cultural evolution, & a short lifetime of experience; yet, much of the field has focused on that short lifetime of experience. The WEIRD People Problem is not only about geography but history 3/
Past societies can be as culturally distant as distant societies. Cohort effects are a sliver of the cross-temporal variation we would expect in a culturally evolving species. History serves as a kind of psychological fossil record, a source of "data from dead minds". 4/
We (1) review work in historical psychology; (2) introduce methods including causal inference & how to extract data from dead minds; (3) explore the role of theory in mapping history to psychology; and (4) provide some conclusions concerning the future of this field. 5/
E.g.s: Religious evolution & social psych. Some gods gained the ability to see into hearts & control an afterlife contingent on compliance. In many large-scale societies, these gods became omniscient, omnipotent, & omnibenevolent, coevolving with the scale of their societies. 6/
This historical theory makes predictions not only about expected relationships in the historical record but also about expected contemporary cross-cultural diversity in religious beliefs and cognition. In doing so, the theory links historical psychology to cultural psychology. 7/
WEIRD Psychology may have its origins in suppressing kin networks, changing family structures, & related via one particular religion: The Catholic Church 8/
Institutions rest on invisible cultural and psychological pillars. E.g. a constitutionтАЩs proclamations are irrelevant without a belief in the rule of law, or norms of punishment for violations of this rule. 9/
We discuss the importance of causal inference techniques in historical psychology: instrumental variables, difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity. Some e.g. use for slavery & trust in strangers; agriculture & sex diff, gender inequality, collectivism; personality 10/
Historical psychology includes the psychology of the past - data from dead minds, cognitive archeology. Historical databases are emerging. But sometimes the data is qualitative requiring tools like text analysis. 11/
We discuss some examples of the importance of theory. A society has codependent norms, values, beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. If one takes an exploratory approach and looks for correlations in history, there are many to be found. Theory helps clarify causality. 12/
Collaboration between psychologists, historians, and other humanities scholars is important (see https://t.co/3yapB0NbaI for an e.g.). We discuss challenges & strategies. 13/
Taking history seriously is a critical part of moving beyond the WEIRD people problem and making psychology a genuinely universal science of human cognition and behavior. There is more work in "historical psychology" than we could review. Please share your favorite work! 14/14
See also the thread from co-author @JoHenrich: https://t.co/aICrMZ16Tq
Forgot to link the paper!

https://t.co/WQz2n38REM

https://t.co/Nx6NRxCgoK

More from Health

You gotta think about this one carefully!

Imagine you go to the doctor and get tested for a rare disease (only 1 in 10,000 people get it.)

The test is 99% effective in detecting both sick and healthy people.

Your test comes back positive.

Are you really sick? Explain below ЁЯСЗ

The most complete answer from every reply so far is from Dr. Lena. Thanks for taking the time and going through


You can get the answer using Bayes' theorem, but let's try to come up with it in a different тАФmaybe more intuitiveтАФ way.

ЁЯСЗ


Here is what we know:

- Out of 10,000 people, 1 is sick
- Out of 100 sick people, 99 test positive
- Out of 100 healthy people, 99 test negative

Assuming 1 million people take the test (including you):

- 100 of them are sick
- 999,900 of them are healthy

ЁЯСЗ

Let's now test both groups, starting with the 100 people sick:

тЦля╕П 99 of them will be diagnosed (correctly) as sick (99%)

тЦля╕П 1 of them is going to be diagnosed (incorrectly) as healthy (1%)

ЁЯСЗ
No-regret #hydrogen:
Charting early steps for HтВВ infrastructure in Europe.

ЁЯСЙSummary of conclusions of a new study by @AgoraEW @AFRY_global @Ma_Deutsch @gnievchenko (1/17)
https://t.co/YA50FA57Em


The idea behind this study is that future hydrogen demand is highly uncertain and we donтАЩt want to spend tens of billions of euros to repurpose a network which wonтАЩt be needed. For instance, hydrogen in ground transport is a hotly debated topic
https://t.co/RlnqDYVzpr (2/17)

Similar things can be said about heat. 40% of todayтАЩs industrial natural gas use in the EU goes to heat below 100┬░C and therefore is within range of electric heat pumps тАУ whose performance factors far exceed 100%. (3/17)


Even for higher temperatures, a range of power-to-heat (PtH) options can be more energy-efficient than hydrogen and should be considered first. Available PtH technologies can cover all temperature levels needed in industrial production (e.g. electric arc furnace: 3500┬░C). (4/17)


In our view, hydrogen use for feedstock and chemical reactions is the only inescapable source of industrial hydrogen demand in Europe that does not lend itself to electrification. Examples include ammonia, steel, and petrochemical industries. (5/17)
Some thoughts on this: Firstly, it might be personal preference, but I am not keen on this kind of campaign as I feel like it trivialises cancer. Sometimes the serious message gets lost because people are sharing pics of cats or whatever and the important context is gone.


More importantly, the statistic being used in the campaign is misleading. It says 57% of women put off cervical screening if they can't get waxed. But on further investigation, that's not accurate.

The page here goes on to say "57% of women who regularly have their pubic hair professionally removed would put off attending their cervical screening appointment if they hadnтАЩt been able to visit a beauty salon."

So the 57% represents a concern not across the whole population of women, but only those who regularly get waxed. So how big of an issue is this across the whole population? And what else is stopping people getting smears?

I think campaigns for cancer screening are really tricky because there is so much nuance that often doesn't fit into a catchy headline or hashtag. It's certainly not easy and is part of a bigger conversation.

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THE MEANING, SIGNIFICANCE AND HISTORY OF SWASTIK

The Swastik is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon. Swastik has been Sanatan DharmaтАЩs symbol of auspiciousness тАУ mangalya since time immemorial.


The name swastika comes from Sanskrit (Devanagari: рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрддрд┐рдХ, pronounced: swastik) &denotes тАЬconducive to wellbeing or auspiciousтАЭ.
The word Swastik has a definite etymological origin in Sanskrit. It is derived from the roots su тАУ meaning тАЬwell or auspiciousтАЭ & as meaning тАЬbeingтАЭ.


"рд╕реБ рдЕрд╕реНрддрд┐ рдпреЗрди рддрдд рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрддрд┐рдХрдВ"
Swastik is de symbol through which everything auspicios occurs

Scholars believe wordтАЩs origin in Vedas,known as Swasti mantra;

"ЁЯХЙрд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрддрд┐ рдирд╛ рдЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реЛ рд╡реГрдзрд╢реНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣рд╛
рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрддрд┐ рдирд╛ рдкреВрд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡реЗрджрд╛рд╣рд╛
рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрддрд┐рдирд╛рд╕реНрддрд░рдХреНрд╖реНрдпреЛ рдЕрд░рд┐рд╢реНрддрдиреЗрдорд┐рд╣реА
рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрддрд┐рдиреЛ рдмреГрд╣рд╕реНрдкрддрд┐рд░реНрджрдзрд╛рддреБ"


It translates to," O famed Indra, redeem us. O Pusha, the beholder of all knowledge, redeem us. Redeem us O Garudji, of limitless speed and O Bruhaspati, redeem us".

SWASTIKтАЩs COSMIC ORIGIN

The Swastika represents the living creation in the whole Cosmos.


Hindu astronomers divide the ecliptic circle of cosmos in 27 divisions called
https://t.co/sLeuV1R2eQ this manner a cross forms in 4 directions in the celestial sky. At centre of this cross is Dhruva(Polestar). In a line from Dhruva, the stars known as Saptarishi can be observed.
рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдХреМрди рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирддрд╛редрд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рдкрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛рддрд░ рдкрд╛рддреНрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рди рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рдореЗрдВ рдлрдВрд╕реЗ рдереЗредрдЕрдЧрд░ рдпреЗ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рди рд╣реЛрддреЗ рддреЛ рдХрджрд╛рдЪрд┐рдд рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдХреБрдЫ рдФрд░ рд╣реЛрддреАредрд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреБ рдкреМрд░рд╛рдгрд┐рдХ рдЧреНрд░рдВрдереЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдкреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд░реНрдгрди рдорд┐рд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд╡ рд╣рд░ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рдХреЗ рдкреАрдЫреЗ рдХреЛрдИ рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред


рдЖрдЗрдП рдЖрдЬ рдЬрд╛рдирддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрдерд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд░реНрдгрд┐рдд рдХреБрдЫ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдкреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВред

1) рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбреБ рдХреЛ рдЛрд╖рд┐ рдХрд┐рдиреНрджрдо рдХрд╛ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк

рдПрдХрдмрд╛рд░ рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬ рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбреБ рд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдЦреЗрд▓рдиреЗ рд╡рди рдЧрдПредрдЭрд╛рдбрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреАрдЫреЗ рдХреБрдЫ рд╣рд┐рд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рдореГрдЧ рд╣реИ рд╕реЛрдЪрдХрд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдиреЗ рдмрд╛рдг рдЪрд▓рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬреЛ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рдЛрд╖рд┐ рдХрд┐рдиреНрджрдо рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХреА рдкрддреНрдиреА рдХреЛ рд▓рдЧрд╛редрд╡реЗ рджреЛрдиреЛ рд░рддрд┐-рдХреНрд░реАрдбрд╝рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдкреНрдд рдереЗред

рдЬрдм рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдиреЗ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ рддреЛ рдмрд╣реБрдд рджреБрдЦреА рд╣реБрдП рдХрд┐ рдпреЗ рдореБрдЭрд╕реЗ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдкрд╛рдк рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛редрдмрд╣реБрдд рдХреНрд╖рдорд╛ рдпрд╛рдЪрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рднреА рдХрд┐рдиреНрджрдо рдЛрд╖рд┐ рдиреЗ рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбреБ рдХреЛ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рджреЗ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЬрдм рднреА рд╡реЛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╕реНрддреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рдХрд╛рдо рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрдкрд░реНрд╢ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдЙрд╕реА рдХреНрд╖рдг рдЙрдирдХреА рдореГрддреНрдпреБ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧреАредрдкрд╢реНрдЪрд╛рддрд╛рдк рдХрд░рдиреЗ, рд╡реЗ рд╕рд┐рдВрд╣рд╛рд╕рди рдкреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдзреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдзреГрддрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░ рдХреЛ рдмреИрдард╛рдХрд░...


..рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рд░рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреБрдВрддреА рд╡ рдорд╛рджреНрд░реА рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╡рди рдЪрд▓реЗ рдЧрдПредрдкрд╛рдВрдбрд╡реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЬрдиреНрдо рднреА рдХреБрдВрддреА рдХреЛ рдЛрд╖рд┐ рджреБрд░реНрд╡рд╛рд╕рд╛ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдордВрддреНрд░ рд╕реЗ рд╣реБрдЖ рдерд╛ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рджреЗрд╡ рдХрд╛ рд╕реНрдорд░рдг рдХрд░ рдЙрд╕ рджреЗрд╡ рд╕реЗ рдХреБрдВрддреА,рдкреБрддреНрд░ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреА рдереАредрдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рдорд╛рджреНрд░реА рдкреЗ рдореЛрд╣рд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЬрдм рдкрд╛рдВрдбреБ рдиреЗ рдЙрд╕реЗ рд╕реНрдкрд░реНрд╢ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛,рдЙрд╕реА рдХреНрд╖рдг рдкрд╛рдВрдбреБ рдХреА рдореГрддреНрдпреБ рд╣реЛрдЧрдпреАред


2) рдЙрд░реНрд╡рд╢реА рдХрд╛ рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди рдХреЛ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк

рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдпреБрджреНрдз рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдЬрдм рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди рджрд┐рд╡реНрдпрд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд░реНрдЧ рдЧрдП рддреЛ рд╡рд╣рд╛рдВ рдЙрд░реНрд╡рд╢реА рдирд╛рдо рдХреА рдЕрдкреНрд╕рд░рд╛ рдЙрди рдкрд░ рдореЛрд╣рд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпреАред рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди рдиреЗ рдЬрдм рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдорд╛рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рдорд╛рди рдмрддрд╛рдпрд╛ рддреЛ рдпрд╣ рд╕реБрдирдХрд░ рдЙрд░реНрд╡рд╢реА рдХреНрд░реЛрдзрд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпреА рдФрд░ рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди рдХреЛ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рджреЗ рдбрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдХрд┐ рддреБрдо рдирдкреБрдВрд╕рдХ рдХреА рднрд╛рдВрддрд┐...