There are few issues with that:
- Complexity of the purchase
- Currency conversion issues
- Difficulty in transactions
and so on.
You see so many people on Twitter saying
"Infosys ADR is up 5% today."
"ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank ADR ended highly positive today. Good move coming up for Banknifty."
Have you ever wondered what is ADR? You're not alone.
Time for a thread. 👇👇👇
There are few issues with that:
- Complexity of the purchase
- Currency conversion issues
- Difficulty in transactions
and so on.
"what if people could trade foreign companies
- in our country
- in our currency
- but without the companies having to list themselves here?"
ADR was born.
It's like a share certificate, issued by a U.S depository bank (like CDSL here), but on a foreign company.
Usually one ADR unit represents one share of the foreign company.
The depository bank buys the foreign company shares in the foreign exchange.
This depository bank holds the purchased shares as inventory.
It issues respective ADR for domestic trading.
The ADR is issued & traded in US Dollars.
It will then list those shares as ADR Units costing ~$18 per ADR unit in the US exchanges.
It's usually listed in NYSE or NASDAQ, sometimes Over-The-Counter too.
i) Sponsored ADR:
- Company enters into a legal agreement with a specific depository bank
- Lists the ADR through the depository
- Company retains control over the ADRs
- A depository bank in the US issues ADR by itself
- without any permission or involvement from the actual company whose shares it is listing as ADR.
There may be many unsponsored ADRs, but there could be only one sponsored ADR.
If ITC doesn't show an interest in doing ADR the sponsored way, the depository can list it as an unsponsored ADR, and name it ITCU, pricing it at $3 per ADR.
i) Level 1:
- ADRs won't be listed on an exchange.
- Company can't raise capital
- Very loose regulatory requirements from SEC
- Highly speculative
- Only trades OTC
- Inexpensive way for a company to gauge US investor interest.
- Can't be used to raise capital
- Trades on an exchange
- Slightly more regulatory requirements from SEC compared to level 1
- Higher visibility + trading volume since listed in an exchange
It should also file Form 20-F (equivalent of Form 10-K annual report) annually.
In the filings, it has to follow the U.S GAAP financial reporting standards.
- Most prestigious type of sponsored ADR, highest level a company can get.
- Very strict rules imposed by SEC on the company.
- Foreign company can raise capital also.
- Issuing companies are subject to full reporting requirements.
listing to raise capital on NYSE/NASDAQ requires for the company to file Form F-1 with SEC.
Apart from this, the company must file Form 20-F annually, and updates on any news announcements.
Dividends will be net of currency conversion expenses and foreign taxes.
Due to taxes being covered, U.S investors seek credit from the IRS to avoid double taxation on cap gains.
In case of sponsored ADRs, either the foreign company or the depository bank can choose to cancel/terminate the issue.
- the company/depository will inform the ADR holders,
- give them the option to swap the ADRs for the actual company shares (listed in the foreign exchange).
The holders can register with a broker (like Zerodha) to take possession.
Holders will continue to collect dividends.
It will be the equivalent of an unlisted company shares.
Currency conversion is one of the hurdles.
Regulatory differences pose another significant hurdle.
But, since they are from U.S, they'd only be familiar with U.S GAAP.
So, this renders into a confusing situation where they may misunderstand some reporting elements.
A company can also list in any other country following this format.
Such securities are called Global Depository Receipts (GDRs).
More from Shravan Venkataraman 🔥🚀💰
Hedge Funds spend millions of dollars per year to access high quality financial datasets.
Retail sources cost anywhere from $5k-50k per year.
But, here are 11 data sources that have HIGH QUALITY and FREE data you can access right away.
🧵 👇
1/ Alpha Vantage | https://t.co/ExlS7Jdnsz
Provides real time & historical equities, forex, and cryptocurrencies data across 60+ exchanges.
They provide both intraday and D/W/M timeframe data.
You can also access economic & fundamental data for last 20 years through them.
2/ IEX | https://t.co/drqeoU8Ee1
Investors Exchange provides historical data going back upto 15 years for US equities through API access.
You'll need an API key in order to access the API.
3/ EconDB | https://t.co/6mZxDeaJfh
This website provides economic data and economic indicators for almost all the countries in the world.
You can search for your preferred dataset through their search engine here
4/ Quandl | https://t.co/fW4PEQaW66
Quandl has financial and alternate data across 50+ exchanges, from over 300 sources.
They also have information on capital markets, energy, shipping, healthcare, education, demography, economics and society.
Retail sources cost anywhere from $5k-50k per year.
But, here are 11 data sources that have HIGH QUALITY and FREE data you can access right away.
🧵 👇
1/ Alpha Vantage | https://t.co/ExlS7Jdnsz
Provides real time & historical equities, forex, and cryptocurrencies data across 60+ exchanges.
They provide both intraday and D/W/M timeframe data.
You can also access economic & fundamental data for last 20 years through them.
2/ IEX | https://t.co/drqeoU8Ee1
Investors Exchange provides historical data going back upto 15 years for US equities through API access.
You'll need an API key in order to access the API.
3/ EconDB | https://t.co/6mZxDeaJfh
This website provides economic data and economic indicators for almost all the countries in the world.
You can search for your preferred dataset through their search engine here
4/ Quandl | https://t.co/fW4PEQaW66
Quandl has financial and alternate data across 50+ exchanges, from over 300 sources.
They also have information on capital markets, energy, shipping, healthcare, education, demography, economics and society.
Have you ever had 4-5 profitable trades in a row, and you bet all your profits on your next trade feeling "in the zone" only to lose it all?
That's called as "hot-hand fallacy" bias.
I ran a poll recently to outline two classic biases we have as humans.
Thread below 👇👇
1/ *Hot-Hand Fallacy* first had its origin in the game of basketball.
If a player shoots few baskets in a row, people generally predict that the next shot will also be a basket.
This is ignoring the fact that each shot is independent of the ones that came prior.
2/ In this poll, 41.1% people voted that the batsman who hit 4 sixes in a row, will hit a sixer in the 5th ball also.
This is classic hot-hand fallacy.
Each ball's outcome is independent.
The probability is not 50% FYI (number of outcomes is not 2).
These 148 people who voted that the next ball will also be a sixer, did so because they believe that the batsman is on a hot streak, and that his streak would continue.
This is an emotional bias and is usually attached to human performance related events only.
3/ 45.3% (162) people voted that the 5th ball would be a dot ball, meaning the batsman wouldn't score anything.
These people displayed the classic "negative-recency" bias, which is also called the "Gambler's Fallacy".
That's called as "hot-hand fallacy" bias.
I ran a poll recently to outline two classic biases we have as humans.
Thread below 👇👇
Let's say you see a cricketer hit four 6's in a row.
— Shravan Venkataraman \U0001f525\U0001f680\U0001f4b0 (@theBuoyantMan) December 30, 2020
If you have to bet on the next ball's outcome, what would you bet on?
1/ *Hot-Hand Fallacy* first had its origin in the game of basketball.
If a player shoots few baskets in a row, people generally predict that the next shot will also be a basket.
This is ignoring the fact that each shot is independent of the ones that came prior.
2/ In this poll, 41.1% people voted that the batsman who hit 4 sixes in a row, will hit a sixer in the 5th ball also.
This is classic hot-hand fallacy.
Each ball's outcome is independent.
The probability is not 50% FYI (number of outcomes is not 2).
These 148 people who voted that the next ball will also be a sixer, did so because they believe that the batsman is on a hot streak, and that his streak would continue.
This is an emotional bias and is usually attached to human performance related events only.
3/ 45.3% (162) people voted that the 5th ball would be a dot ball, meaning the batsman wouldn't score anything.
These people displayed the classic "negative-recency" bias, which is also called the "Gambler's Fallacy".
More from Finance
1/18 After 3 months, @saffronfinance_ is no longer new on the scene. Now that the kid has climbed the ranks, it's time to see if he can hang with the big boys.
Below are some updated thoughts on potential integrations, improvements, and innovations for Saffron moving forward. ⬇️
2/18 First, if you haven't seen @Privatechad_'s alpha-leaking introductory thread, you should check it out.
I agree that @AlphaFinanceLab and @CreamdotFinance, specifically the Iron Bank, would be ideal targets for SFI risk tranches.
3/18 Speaking more broadly, Saffron is primarily integrated with @compoundfinance, which has served as a MVP of sorts.
The thing is, Compound is one of the safest (but also lowest yield) protocols in DeFi, so it's not surprising that there isn't much demand for the sen. tranche.
4/18 Expanding beyond Compound to higher-risk/higher-return protocols has always been key.
These protocols are the bread-and-butter target market for Saffron, and I would expect to see a surge in demand for senior tranche staking in these
5/18 Additionally, @DeFiGod1 convinced me that Senior Tranche pools would be more appealing if they offered fixed yield.
Essentially, Saffron would augment the product offerings of @Barn_Bridge by also offering senior stakers insurance in the form of junior tranche collateral.
Below are some updated thoughts on potential integrations, improvements, and innovations for Saffron moving forward. ⬇️
1/11 @saffronfinance_ ($SFI) is DeFi's new kid on the block with its tranched yield product that is already live with DAI on @compoundfinance. https://t.co/JpqnxhwrDw
— Benjamin Simon (@benjaminsimon97) November 19, 2020
2/18 First, if you haven't seen @Privatechad_'s alpha-leaking introductory thread, you should check it out.
I agree that @AlphaFinanceLab and @CreamdotFinance, specifically the Iron Bank, would be ideal targets for SFI risk tranches.
15/. 3. Though not the focus atm, interest from various projects and integrations are happening.
— Private Chad (@Privatechad_) February 1, 2021
* Chainlink reached out (props to the amazing $LINK team).
* Talks with $ALPHA and rumored upon V2 releases there will be a collaboration.
*Cream integrations in v2
* $COMP tranches pic.twitter.com/IXCtzvSkw7
3/18 Speaking more broadly, Saffron is primarily integrated with @compoundfinance, which has served as a MVP of sorts.
The thing is, Compound is one of the safest (but also lowest yield) protocols in DeFi, so it's not surprising that there isn't much demand for the sen. tranche.
4/18 Expanding beyond Compound to higher-risk/higher-return protocols has always been key.
These protocols are the bread-and-butter target market for Saffron, and I would expect to see a surge in demand for senior tranche staking in these
4/11 Imo, the golden egg will be vault platforms like @iearnfinance, @picklefinance, etc.
— Benjamin Simon (@benjaminsimon97) November 19, 2020
Recently, some of these higher risk platforms (e.g. @harvest_finance) have been hit with a wave of attacks.
Saffron will enable cautious investors to use these products with peace of mind.
5/18 Additionally, @DeFiGod1 convinced me that Senior Tranche pools would be more appealing if they offered fixed yield.
Essentially, Saffron would augment the product offerings of @Barn_Bridge by also offering senior stakers insurance in the form of junior tranche collateral.
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Fake chats claiming to be from the Irish African community are being disseminated by the far right in order to suggest that violence is imminent from #BLM supporters. This is straight out of the QAnon and Proud Boys playbook. Spread the word. Protest safely. #georgenkencho
There is co-ordination across the far right in Ireland now to stir both left and right in the hopes of creating a race war. Think critically! Fascists see the tragic killing of #georgenkencho, the grief of his community and pending investigation as a flashpoint for action.
Across Telegram, Twitter and Facebook disinformation is being peddled on the back of these tragic events. From false photographs to the tactics ofwhite supremacy, the far right is clumsily trying to drive hate against minority groups and figureheads.
Declan Ganley’s Burkean group and the incel wing of National Party (Gearóid Murphy, Mick O’Keeffe & Co.) as well as all the usuals are concerted in their efforts to demonstrate their white supremacist cred. The quiet parts are today being said out loud.
The best thing you can do is challenge disinformation and report posts where engagement isn’t appropriate. Many of these are blatantly racist posts designed to drive recruitment to NP and other Nationalist groups. By all means protest but stay safe.
There is co-ordination across the far right in Ireland now to stir both left and right in the hopes of creating a race war. Think critically! Fascists see the tragic killing of #georgenkencho, the grief of his community and pending investigation as a flashpoint for action.
Across Telegram, Twitter and Facebook disinformation is being peddled on the back of these tragic events. From false photographs to the tactics ofwhite supremacy, the far right is clumsily trying to drive hate against minority groups and figureheads.
Be aware, the images the #farright are sharing in the hopes of starting a race war, are not of the SPAR employee that was punched. They\u2019re older photos of a Everton fan. Be aware of the information you\u2019re sharing and that it may be false. Always #factcheck #GeorgeNkencho pic.twitter.com/4c9w4CMk5h
— antifa.drone (@antifa_drone) December 31, 2020
Declan Ganley’s Burkean group and the incel wing of National Party (Gearóid Murphy, Mick O’Keeffe & Co.) as well as all the usuals are concerted in their efforts to demonstrate their white supremacist cred. The quiet parts are today being said out loud.
There is a concerted effort in far-right Telegram groups to try and incite violence on street by targetting people for racist online abuse following the killing of George Nkencho
— Mark Malone (@soundmigration) January 1, 2021
This follows on and is part of a misinformation campaign to polarise communities at this time.
The best thing you can do is challenge disinformation and report posts where engagement isn’t appropriate. Many of these are blatantly racist posts designed to drive recruitment to NP and other Nationalist groups. By all means protest but stay safe.
🌿𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒓 : 𝑫𝒉𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒂 & 𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒏𝒖
Once upon a time there was a Raja named Uttānapāda born of Svayambhuva Manu,1st man on earth.He had 2 beautiful wives - Suniti & Suruchi & two sons were born of them Dhruva & Uttama respectively.
#talesofkrishna https://t.co/E85MTPkF9W
Now Suniti was the daughter of a tribal chief while Suruchi was the daughter of a rich king. Hence Suruchi was always favored the most by Raja while Suniti was ignored. But while Suniti was gentle & kind hearted by nature Suruchi was venomous inside.
#KrishnaLeela
The story is of a time when ideally the eldest son of the king becomes the heir to the throne. Hence the sinhasan of the Raja belonged to Dhruva.This is why Suruchi who was the 2nd wife nourished poison in her heart for Dhruva as she knew her son will never get the throne.
One day when Dhruva was just 5 years old he went on to sit on his father's lap. Suruchi, the jealous queen, got enraged and shoved him away from Raja as she never wanted Raja to shower Dhruva with his fatherly affection.
Dhruva protested questioning his step mother "why can't i sit on my own father's lap?" A furious Suruchi berated him saying "only God can allow him that privilege. Go ask him"
Once upon a time there was a Raja named Uttānapāda born of Svayambhuva Manu,1st man on earth.He had 2 beautiful wives - Suniti & Suruchi & two sons were born of them Dhruva & Uttama respectively.
#talesofkrishna https://t.co/E85MTPkF9W
Prabhu says i reside in the heart of my bhakt.
— Right Singh (@rightwingchora) December 21, 2020
Guess the event. pic.twitter.com/yFUmbfe5KL
Now Suniti was the daughter of a tribal chief while Suruchi was the daughter of a rich king. Hence Suruchi was always favored the most by Raja while Suniti was ignored. But while Suniti was gentle & kind hearted by nature Suruchi was venomous inside.
#KrishnaLeela
The story is of a time when ideally the eldest son of the king becomes the heir to the throne. Hence the sinhasan of the Raja belonged to Dhruva.This is why Suruchi who was the 2nd wife nourished poison in her heart for Dhruva as she knew her son will never get the throne.
One day when Dhruva was just 5 years old he went on to sit on his father's lap. Suruchi, the jealous queen, got enraged and shoved him away from Raja as she never wanted Raja to shower Dhruva with his fatherly affection.
Dhruva protested questioning his step mother "why can't i sit on my own father's lap?" A furious Suruchi berated him saying "only God can allow him that privilege. Go ask him"
