Before 1880, the entire central region of Afghanistan constituted a different country that was known by the name Hazaristan or Hazarajat
It was NOT considered a part of Afghanistan
Taliban has hoisted its flag on Hazrat Ali mosque of Mazar I Sharif.
This mosque is especially venerated by Shia Hazaras of Afghanistan.
This development is of extreme significance in the light of history and has implications on the very definition of Afghanistan
Thread.
Before 1880, the entire central region of Afghanistan constituted a different country that was known by the name Hazaristan or Hazarajat
It was NOT considered a part of Afghanistan
Consider this Afghan idiom of the famous Pashtun poet Khushal Khattak(c. 1613 -1689 CE)
"An Afghan is a Pashtun and a Pashtun is an Afghan. Bεhead him who says otherwise"
Hazaras are considered by historians to be descendants of Genghis Khan's army.
This is supported by their Asiatic features.
Although a majority of Hazaras adopted Persian with their own Hazaragi dialect, some still speak a Turkic language known as "Moghul"
Hazaras are distinct from other Afghans linguistically, culturally and ethnically.
Traditionally, they inhabited the entire central region of Afghanistan from Ghazni to Herat
Abul Fazl says-" Hazaras are the descendants of the army sent by Manku Khan(Grandson of Genghis Khan).
Hazaristan spans from Ghazni to Qandahar and from Maidan to Balkh"
Ain I Akbari I.591
The UN Bonn conference (2001) estimated Hazara population at 19%.
Except for a few Hazara tribes residing in the vicinity of Kabul & Kandahar who paid annual tribute, the Hazaras were independent and NOT under the control of Pashtun (Barakzai) rulers of Afghanistan
They were independent & divided into several tribes . An exceptional Hazara chief named Mir Yazdan Baksh(c.1800 CE) united them
Khan invited Hazara chief to Kabul under pretext of friendship. He assured safety under Qurαn oath.
In Kabul, the unsuspecting Hazara chief was arrested at first opportunity
But as hubbie wouldn't relent,she had also come with him.
Afghan king decided to kiII them. But by taking advantage of king's avarice & making false promise of tribute,they heroically escaped
However, Hazaras subjugation was carried to completion by an Afghan king named Abdur Rahman khan in 1888 CE.
He was a Sunni extremist who believed in complete extέrmination of shias & non muzlims through ghastly punishments
He called for a Jihάd and told the Pashtun tribes "heads will be mine and the property will be yours".
He jailed Hazara tribal leaders. A few Hazaras revolted but their rebellion was brutally crushed
Between 1880-1891, he brought 60% of Hazara tribes under control.
They used to marry Hazara women by force.
Hazaras were forced to utter abuses at Imam Ali(venerated by Shias)
Hazaras were subjected to extremely brutal punishments like burning genitάls with fire.
Exorbitant taxes
One day, 33 Afghan soldiers rάped the wife of a Hazara in front of him.
The Hazaras, preferring death to dishonor, decided it was enough & kiIIed Afghan soldiers.
Other Hazaras also joined and this snowballed into a major rebellion
He promised Hazara land, Hazara wealth and children as rewards of war
All Afghan tribes united under the Jihάd
The Hazara revolt was brutally crushed
Hazara slaves became so cheap in Kabul that they could be brought for 10 seers of wheat.
Hazaristan became part of Afghanistan
They were sold as slaves in Kabuli. Today's Kabuli Hazaras are their descendants.
Hazaras could not bear the oppression. Many tribes migrated to British India(Quetta) where they form a large diaspora even today
To counter Hazara numerical strength, Pashtun tribes were settled in Hazaristan. Hazara land was seized and given to Pashtun settlers. Many Hazaras migrated to Iran to escape persecution
Arable areas of Hazaristan were depopulated of Hazaras and given over to Pashtun nomads.
More than half of Hazara population was kiIIed or forced out
In one incident in 1893, 47 Hazara women jumped off the cliff to avoid capture at the hands of Sunni Afghan soldiers.
This incident has been in the Hazara memory and these women are honored even today
"Sag e Afghan kas Dara adam e Hazarah nah"
"Even a d0g of Pashtuns has a protector but a Hazara does not
"The bridge of one paisa"
This was because at this place Hazara slaves were sold at one paisa.
More from Bharadwaj
This is nothing but THEFT and appropriation of Indian Heritage.
While this might look very trivial at the outset, this is a very major cultural appropriation.
This threads explains the Golden ratio, its history and its modern appropriation
[Thread]
What is Golden ratio?
In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities.
If two numbers be designated by a and b (a>b>0), then they are aid to be in Golden ratio if a/b=(a+b)/a
Thus, Golden Ratio is solution to quadratic x2-x-1=0(assuming a to be x and b to be 1 in the same ratio).
This approximates to 1.618033.
Since in a Fibonacci series every number(except first & second) is sum of the previous two, golden ratio approximates ratio of larger/smaller
How is Golden ratio important?
Golden nature is everywhere in the nature. Infact, Golden ratio is called Divine proportion.
According to latest research, universe is governed by Golden ratio.
Universe has a golden ratio that keeps everything in order.
https://t.co/pHqMipG69w
Infact, the Golden ratio of Fibonacci series can be seen everywhere around us in the universe.
The petals of a flower and seed heads follow a Fibonacci series where each consecutive cycle is in golden ratio with the previous one
While this might look very trivial at the outset, this is a very major cultural appropriation.
This threads explains the Golden ratio, its history and its modern appropriation
[Thread]
Golden Ratio, Bedrock of Swiss Design, May Have First Emerged in Africa @audreygbennett writeshttps://t.co/bznfZedbFf via @thewire_in
— Siddharth (@svaradarajan) March 17, 2021
What is Golden ratio?
In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities.
If two numbers be designated by a and b (a>b>0), then they are aid to be in Golden ratio if a/b=(a+b)/a
Thus, Golden Ratio is solution to quadratic x2-x-1=0(assuming a to be x and b to be 1 in the same ratio).
This approximates to 1.618033.
Since in a Fibonacci series every number(except first & second) is sum of the previous two, golden ratio approximates ratio of larger/smaller
How is Golden ratio important?
Golden nature is everywhere in the nature. Infact, Golden ratio is called Divine proportion.
According to latest research, universe is governed by Golden ratio.
Universe has a golden ratio that keeps everything in order.
https://t.co/pHqMipG69w
Infact, the Golden ratio of Fibonacci series can be seen everywhere around us in the universe.
The petals of a flower and seed heads follow a Fibonacci series where each consecutive cycle is in golden ratio with the previous one
India and Israel. Hindus and Jews.
This thread is about the history of the mutual interaction and relation between two of the oldest extent civilizations of the world.
We will also look at how appeasement politics alienated our ally and affected our own international position
The earliest trade contact between Hebrews and Hindus could have dated back to the era of David and Solomon.
"The king had trading ships at sea along with ships of Hiram. Every three years it returned, carrying gold, silver and ivory, and apes and baboons"
Bible( Kings 10.22)
According to the Old Testament, Ophir was the name of the place famous for its wealth. Solomon traded gold, silver, sandalwood, pearls, ivory, apes, and peacocks
Modern scholars have identified Ophir with Abhira kingdom of western India
https://t.co/5En1aZrViM
But the first large scale migration of Jewish refugees to India was after Roman destruction of Jerusalem.
Indian Jewish tradition says first wave of Jewish refugees landed on Kerala coast at Kodungallur in 70 CE.
Painting from Paradesi Synagogue(Mattanchery) depicts the scene
The Hindu Maharaja of Kodungallur cordially received the Jewish refugees.
He granted them land, freedom of life & freedom to practice religion.
Painting from Paradesi Synagogue depicts the king welcoming Jewish refugees.
The king is with full entourage bearing colored parasols
This thread is about the history of the mutual interaction and relation between two of the oldest extent civilizations of the world.
We will also look at how appeasement politics alienated our ally and affected our own international position
The earliest trade contact between Hebrews and Hindus could have dated back to the era of David and Solomon.
"The king had trading ships at sea along with ships of Hiram. Every three years it returned, carrying gold, silver and ivory, and apes and baboons"
Bible( Kings 10.22)
According to the Old Testament, Ophir was the name of the place famous for its wealth. Solomon traded gold, silver, sandalwood, pearls, ivory, apes, and peacocks
Modern scholars have identified Ophir with Abhira kingdom of western India
https://t.co/5En1aZrViM
But the first large scale migration of Jewish refugees to India was after Roman destruction of Jerusalem.
Indian Jewish tradition says first wave of Jewish refugees landed on Kerala coast at Kodungallur in 70 CE.
Painting from Paradesi Synagogue(Mattanchery) depicts the scene
The Hindu Maharaja of Kodungallur cordially received the Jewish refugees.
He granted them land, freedom of life & freedom to practice religion.
Painting from Paradesi Synagogue depicts the king welcoming Jewish refugees.
The king is with full entourage bearing colored parasols
Cut the crap!
Your stupid & dishonest verbal gimmicks notwithstanding, the undeniable fact is that Buddha indeed compared Brahmins to dogs & concluded dogs were better.
Even traditional commentary on the verse says "Buddha comes Dogs to Brahmins, and Dogs come out better" https://t.co/1Aks88MSMX
To begin with, even the name of the Sutta is "Sona Sutta"( Dog sutta).
But this Sutta has nothing to do with Dogs. It is a rant against Brahmins. Dogs feature only when they have to be compared with Brahmins.
And every comparison concludes that Dogs were better than Brahmins
What is this Sutta about?
It is about Buddha's stereotyping and generalisation against Brahmins.
He begins by saying that Brahmins of his time mated with females of all backgrounds. He compares Brahmin sexual mating pattern with that of dogs.
Here Buddha condemns Brahmins of his time for intermarrying with other varnas/communities and compares them with dogs who mate with every breed.
This is not an innocent comparison. Sexual behaviour of dogs is known for its licentiousness and
This is the reason why words like "k*tti", "bit*h" denoting dogs is used as a grave sexual insult.
Although modern Buddhists flaunt egalitarianism now, for the historic Buddha intercaste marriage was a horror that amounted to licentious social behavior resembling dogs.
Your stupid & dishonest verbal gimmicks notwithstanding, the undeniable fact is that Buddha indeed compared Brahmins to dogs & concluded dogs were better.
Even traditional commentary on the verse says "Buddha comes Dogs to Brahmins, and Dogs come out better" https://t.co/1Aks88MSMX
This is Twisted.
— \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e (@RamaInExile) April 12, 2021
Buddha telling deterioration in the Brahmins of his time. He don't compared Brahmin to Dogs.
He said "Monks , these 5 ancient Brahmin Practices are now Practiced by dogs ,not by Brahmins ...
Then he goes On elabolating..
Your tweet will create wrong impression https://t.co/Lj50G9hx16 pic.twitter.com/dvrOoI5J9e
To begin with, even the name of the Sutta is "Sona Sutta"( Dog sutta).
But this Sutta has nothing to do with Dogs. It is a rant against Brahmins. Dogs feature only when they have to be compared with Brahmins.
And every comparison concludes that Dogs were better than Brahmins
What is this Sutta about?
It is about Buddha's stereotyping and generalisation against Brahmins.
He begins by saying that Brahmins of his time mated with females of all backgrounds. He compares Brahmin sexual mating pattern with that of dogs.
Here Buddha condemns Brahmins of his time for intermarrying with other varnas/communities and compares them with dogs who mate with every breed.
This is not an innocent comparison. Sexual behaviour of dogs is known for its licentiousness and
This is the reason why words like "k*tti", "bit*h" denoting dogs is used as a grave sexual insult.
Although modern Buddhists flaunt egalitarianism now, for the historic Buddha intercaste marriage was a horror that amounted to licentious social behavior resembling dogs.
"Women are lustful, wasteful, vile, degraded woe bringers"- Buddha
“The learning found among women forms the conclusion of dharma... one should learn the remaining Dharmas from women and people of all classes"-- Apastamba Dharmasutra 2.29.11 (Hindu)
A Buddhist monk falls in love with a woman.
Buddha asks him-"Brother, why are you in love with a woman.
Women are lustful, wasteful, vile, degraded woe bringers".
And then he tells the story about how wicked a woman can be.
Asatamanta jataka:
https://t.co/37Rf9C9p49
"Women are treacherous ingrates" -Buddha.
Takka Jataka
https://t.co/pSG4G2qy7Y
"Wrathful are women, slanderers, ingrates,
The sowers of dissension and fell strife!
Then, Brother, tread the path of holiness,
And Bliss therein thou shalt not fail to find"- Buddha
Source: Takka Jataka
https://t.co/pSG4G2qy7Y
Those who are doubting the English translation by Sanskrit professor Cowell (published by Cambridge university press) should look up the Hindi translation published by Hindi Sahitya Sammelan
"स्त्रियां अकृतज्ञ होती है"-गौतम बुद्ध
“The learning found among women forms the conclusion of dharma... one should learn the remaining Dharmas from women and people of all classes"-- Apastamba Dharmasutra 2.29.11 (Hindu)
Buddha declared that women could attain nirvana. While the Hindu thinkers denied the right to education to women of all castes and classes, the Buddhist sangha gave them the freedom to read and write. #Buddhism #WomenInBuddhism #Brahmanism#Ambedkar https://t.co/s4NPNOUHBK
— Feminism in India (@FeminismInIndia) April 22, 2021
A Buddhist monk falls in love with a woman.
Buddha asks him-"Brother, why are you in love with a woman.
Women are lustful, wasteful, vile, degraded woe bringers".
And then he tells the story about how wicked a woman can be.
Asatamanta jataka:
https://t.co/37Rf9C9p49
"Women are treacherous ingrates" -Buddha.
Takka Jataka
https://t.co/pSG4G2qy7Y
"Wrathful are women, slanderers, ingrates,
The sowers of dissension and fell strife!
Then, Brother, tread the path of holiness,
And Bliss therein thou shalt not fail to find"- Buddha
Source: Takka Jataka
https://t.co/pSG4G2qy7Y
Those who are doubting the English translation by Sanskrit professor Cowell (published by Cambridge university press) should look up the Hindi translation published by Hindi Sahitya Sammelan
"स्त्रियां अकृतज्ञ होती है"-गौतम बुद्ध
The official name of this mosque is "Atala Devi Masjid".
It still stands on the pillars of the Hindu temple that originally stood at this site.
The temple was destroyed and its material was used in the construction of the Mosque. Egyptian?
"The original name of Jaunpur was Yavanapura".
"Even in the 19th century, no Hindu called it by the name 'Jaunpur'".
"The local Sharqi Sultans were great destroyers, and every mosque in Jaunpur was built on an existing Hindu temple"
- Archaeological survey of India report
"There is a Sanskrit inscription dating back to 8th century in the Southern Gate of the Jaunpur's Jami mosque".
"There is at present not ANY trace of old temples standing, for the Muhammadan conquerors did their work of destruction with unusual completeness"
- ASI report
"After destroying Karar Bir temple, Firoz Shah saw Atala Devi temple.
He ordered the temple to be destroyed immediately.
But Hindus violently attacked the workmen & pelted the emperor with stones.
Hindus were initially victorious"
- Tarikh I Jaunpur, translated by Pogson
"But fresh Muslim troops arrived from Jaunpur Capital Zafarabad.
An order for slaughter was issued.
Thousands of Hindu infidels became food to the d0gs of death. The river Gomati ran red with Hindu blo0d. Yet, Hindus did not refrain from fighting" -
Tarikh I Jaunpur
It still stands on the pillars of the Hindu temple that originally stood at this site.
The temple was destroyed and its material was used in the construction of the Mosque. Egyptian?
Jama Masjid of Jaunpur is regarded as an eye-catching, creative and artistic attraction. It is adorned with Egyptian style engravings. The curves and arches are also skillfully decorated with lotus, sunflower and rose motifs.#Jaunpur #UPNahiDekhaTohIndiaNahiDekha #UmmazingUP pic.twitter.com/Pdq8kv9wa0
— UP Tourism (@uptourismgov) October 23, 2020
"The original name of Jaunpur was Yavanapura".
"Even in the 19th century, no Hindu called it by the name 'Jaunpur'".
"The local Sharqi Sultans were great destroyers, and every mosque in Jaunpur was built on an existing Hindu temple"
- Archaeological survey of India report
"There is a Sanskrit inscription dating back to 8th century in the Southern Gate of the Jaunpur's Jami mosque".
"There is at present not ANY trace of old temples standing, for the Muhammadan conquerors did their work of destruction with unusual completeness"
- ASI report
"After destroying Karar Bir temple, Firoz Shah saw Atala Devi temple.
He ordered the temple to be destroyed immediately.
But Hindus violently attacked the workmen & pelted the emperor with stones.
Hindus were initially victorious"
- Tarikh I Jaunpur, translated by Pogson
"But fresh Muslim troops arrived from Jaunpur Capital Zafarabad.
An order for slaughter was issued.
Thousands of Hindu infidels became food to the d0gs of death. The river Gomati ran red with Hindu blo0d. Yet, Hindus did not refrain from fighting" -
Tarikh I Jaunpur
More from All
1. Mini Thread on Conflicts of Interest involving the authors of the Nature Toilet Paper:
https://t.co/VUYbsKGncx
Kristian G. Andersen
Andrew Rambaut
Ian Lipkin
Edward C. Holmes
Robert F. Garry
2. Thanks to @newboxer007 for forwarding the link to the research by an Australian in Taiwan (not on
3. K.Andersen didn't mention "competing interests"
Only Garry listed Zalgen Labs, which we will look at later.
In acknowledgements, Michael Farzan, Wellcome Trust, NIH, ERC & ARC are mentioned.
Author affiliations listed as usual.
Note the 328 Citations!
https://t.co/nmOeohM89Q
4. Kristian Andersen (1)
Andersen worked with USAMRIID & Fort Detrick scientists on research, with Robert Garry, Jens Kuhn & Sina Bavari among
5. Kristian Andersen (2)
Works at Scripps Research Institute, which WAS in serious financial trouble, haemorrhaging 20 million $ a year.
But just when the first virus cases were emerging, they received great news.
They issued a press release dated November 27, 2019:
https://t.co/VUYbsKGncx
Kristian G. Andersen
Andrew Rambaut
Ian Lipkin
Edward C. Holmes
Robert F. Garry
2. Thanks to @newboxer007 for forwarding the link to the research by an Australian in Taiwan (not on
3. K.Andersen didn't mention "competing interests"
Only Garry listed Zalgen Labs, which we will look at later.
In acknowledgements, Michael Farzan, Wellcome Trust, NIH, ERC & ARC are mentioned.
Author affiliations listed as usual.
Note the 328 Citations!
https://t.co/nmOeohM89Q
4. Kristian Andersen (1)
Andersen worked with USAMRIID & Fort Detrick scientists on research, with Robert Garry, Jens Kuhn & Sina Bavari among
Our Hans Kristian Andersen working with Jens H. Kuhn, Sina Bavari, Robert F. Garry, Stuart T. Nichol,Gustavo Palacios, Sheli R. Radoshitzky from USAMRIID and Fort Detrick to tell more fairy tales? Full emails listed for queries...https://t.co/kLRoQTxiGD pic.twitter.com/uHNuGraPP2
— Billy Bostickson \U0001f3f4\U0001f441&\U0001f441 \U0001f193 (@BillyBostickson) August 26, 2020
5. Kristian Andersen (2)
Works at Scripps Research Institute, which WAS in serious financial trouble, haemorrhaging 20 million $ a year.
But just when the first virus cases were emerging, they received great news.
They issued a press release dated November 27, 2019:
How can we use language supervision to learn better visual representations for robotics?
Introducing Voltron: Language-Driven Representation Learning for Robotics!
Paper: https://t.co/gIsRPtSjKz
Models: https://t.co/NOB3cpATYG
Evaluation: https://t.co/aOzQu95J8z
🧵👇(1 / 12)
Videos of humans performing everyday tasks (Something-Something-v2, Ego4D) offer a rich and diverse resource for learning representations for robotic manipulation.
Yet, an underused part of these datasets are the rich, natural language annotations accompanying each video. (2/12)
The Voltron framework offers a simple way to use language supervision to shape representation learning, building off of prior work in representations for robotics like MVP (https://t.co/Pb0mk9hb4i) and R3M (https://t.co/o2Fkc3fP0e).
The secret is *balance* (3/12)
Starting with a masked autoencoder over frames from these video clips, make a choice:
1) Condition on language and improve our ability to reconstruct the scene.
2) Generate language given the visual representation and improve our ability to describe what's happening. (4/12)
By trading off *conditioning* and *generation* we show that we can learn 1) better representations than prior methods, and 2) explicitly shape the balance of low and high-level features captured.
Why is the ability to shape this balance important? (5/12)
Introducing Voltron: Language-Driven Representation Learning for Robotics!
Paper: https://t.co/gIsRPtSjKz
Models: https://t.co/NOB3cpATYG
Evaluation: https://t.co/aOzQu95J8z
🧵👇(1 / 12)
Videos of humans performing everyday tasks (Something-Something-v2, Ego4D) offer a rich and diverse resource for learning representations for robotic manipulation.
Yet, an underused part of these datasets are the rich, natural language annotations accompanying each video. (2/12)
The Voltron framework offers a simple way to use language supervision to shape representation learning, building off of prior work in representations for robotics like MVP (https://t.co/Pb0mk9hb4i) and R3M (https://t.co/o2Fkc3fP0e).
The secret is *balance* (3/12)
Starting with a masked autoencoder over frames from these video clips, make a choice:
1) Condition on language and improve our ability to reconstruct the scene.
2) Generate language given the visual representation and improve our ability to describe what's happening. (4/12)
By trading off *conditioning* and *generation* we show that we can learn 1) better representations than prior methods, and 2) explicitly shape the balance of low and high-level features captured.
Why is the ability to shape this balance important? (5/12)
