Text Normalization (TN) are techniques in the field of #NLP that are used to prepare text, sentences, and words for further processing or analysis.

Two of the most common TN techniques are Stemming and Lemmatization. In the next thread🧵 I will briefly tell you about them.

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I have been working on 3 free, hands-on Python courses on the following fields:

1⃣ Algorithms
2⃣ Machine Learning
3⃣ Natural Language Procesing

Below are the content and links for each of them. I really hope they will be useful for you to learn more about these topics.

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Content of the Algorithms course:

1. Algorithm's Basics
2. Divide and Conquer
3. Graphs
4. Dynamic Programming
5. Probabilistic Algorithms
6. Similarity Functions
7. Chaotic Systems
8. Cellular

Content of the ML course (work in progress):

1. Data science: basic techniques
2. Machine Learning: fundamentals, unsupervised learning and supervised learning
3. Deep learning: practical examples
4. Natural language processing:

Content of the NLP course:

1. NLP with spaCy
2. Semantic Enrichment of Entities: SPARQL and DBpedia
3. Spell Checker: from scratch and with PySpellChecker
4. Word Embedding with Gensim
5. Relationship between Words: d3.js and force

Any comments, questions or suggestions are welcome.

If you want to contribute to any of these free courses (add new content or translate it to another language), feel free to send a PR.

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Time series: types and their nature

▪️Stochastic: the property of being well described by a random probability distribution.

▪️Deterministic: system in which no randomness is involved in the development of future states.

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Therefore, stochastic time series can only be forecasted in a probabilistic sense.

Whereas a deterministic model will always produce the same result from a given starting condition or initial state.

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Correlation is the degree and direction in which two variables are related or associated. Therefore, correlation coefficients are used to measure the strength of the relationship between two variables.

Let me tell you about them and their usefulness in #DataAnalytics 🧵

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A correlation can be positive, meaning that the 2 variables move in the same direction, or negative, meaning that they move in opposite directions. When the correlation is neutral (close to 0) it means that the 2 variables are unrelated.

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Two of the most important correlation coefficients are:
▪️ Pearson
▪️ Spearman

and what is the difference between them?

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Pearson's correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of the linear relationship between two numerical variables.

It is a very useful coefficient , but it is also very sensitive to outliers.

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Spearman correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of a monotonic relationship between two variables.

Spearman correlation is less sensitive than the Pearson correlation to outliers.

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A time series (TS) is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order, with equally spaced time intervals.

Let me tell you a little about them, in the following thread 🧵

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Currently, time series analysis is applied in many fields, such as:

🔹Economic forecasting
🔹Inventory analysis
🔹Stock price forecasting
🔹Medical supplies forecasting
🔹Census analysis

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The 4 main components of a time series are:

▪️Level: the average value in the series if it were a straight line.
▪️Trend: the linear increasing or decreasing behavior of the series over time.

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and,

▪️Seasonality: the repeating patterns or cycles of behavior over time.
▪️Noise: the random variation in the series that cannot be explained by the model.

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A time series can be decomposed into its components using the following 2 methods:

▪️Additive decomposition: Level + Trend + Seasonality + Noise

▪️Multiplicative decomposition: Level * Trend * Seasonality * Noise

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Processing images digitally with Python is not only a fun task, but it's also very easy to do.

In the following thread🧵, let me explain how you can do it from scratch using simple operations on a matrix.

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First of all, as a context, PNG (Portable Network Graphics) images can naturally be represented by a 2D matrix of pixels.

At the same time, the pixels are made up of 3 RGB components, representing the colors Red, Green Blue.

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Therefore, after converting a PNG image into a matrix, 2 operations that can be performed very easily are:

▪️Flip vertically: invert the order of the columns of the matrix

▪️Rotate 90 degrees: invert the rows by columns, traversing the matrix inversely

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In addition, the illumination of the image can be modified:

▪️Apply brightness: add a constant value to all pixels of the image (e.g. alpha 0.1)

▪️Apply contrast: subtract a constant value to all pixels of the image

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You can also calculate the negative of the image. To do this, subtract 1 from each color (maximum value for each component) and save the absolute value of this subtraction.

The image will look like this (very cool, right?):

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RANI NAIKI DEVI AND THE BATTLE OF KASAHRADA

Mohammad Ghori, the young Ghurid Prince conquered Ghaznavids in Afghanistan in the year 1173 CE. He conducted some successful raids into the Indian territory, which even Mahmud Ghazni & the Persians couldn't do.

First&foremost,Ghori invaded states of Multan &Uch in India.After this he turned to southern states of Gujarat &Rajputana.Everybody knows this about Ghori,but what most pple r unaware of is the defeat he suffered at hands of Chalukyan Queen Naiki Devi in 1178 Battle of Kasahrada.

When he marched southwards, his first target was the prosperous fortified town of Anhilwara Patan.
It was the capital of Chalukyas(also known as Solankis of Gujarat) which was established by Vanraj of Chapotkata Dynasty in 8th century.

American historian Tertius Chandler states that it was the 10th largest city in the world at that time. The history of Chalukyas has been written by many historians, but the valour of the Great Queen Naiki Devi remains unsung.

Born to the Kadamba King Paramardin of Goa,Naiki Devi was well trained in sword fighting, horse riding, strategy & every other subject of Statesmanship. She was married to King Ajaypala of Gujarat who sat on throne in 1171CE. Unfortunately,the King died within 4 yrs of his rule.

Statue of Equality (Ramanuja) Muchintal, Hyderabad, Telangana

The Statue of Equality is a monument in India dedicated to the 11th-century Vaishnavaite Sage Bhagavad Ramanuja, commemorating 1000 years since his birth. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi ji in 2019.

In 2014, Sri Chinna Jeeyar came up with the idea to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of Sri Ramanuja's teachings by building the Statue of Equality. The statue is constructed on an estimated 34 acres in Hyderabad, India.

It consists of a 216 foot tall statue of Ramanuja and is surrounded by 108 Divyadesams (model temples) and includes an educational gallery. The project budget is 1000 crore rupees.The foundation stone for the Statue of Equality was laid by Chinna Jeeyar.

The statue was built by Aerosun Corporation in China before being shipped to India. It is made of panchaloha, a combination of gold, silver, copper, brass and titanium. The statue relies on donations to fund its construction.

The temple is located on the 27,870 square metre second floor with a 120 kg statue of Ramanuja, representing the years he lived, meant for daily worship. The 1,365 square metre third floor including a Vedic digital library and research center.

🌺श्री गरुड़ पुराण - संक्षिप्त वर्णन🌺

हिन्दु धर्म के 18 पुराणों में से एक गरुड़ पुराण का हिन्दु धर्म में बड़ा महत्व है। गरुड़ पुराण में मृत्यु के बाद सद्गती की व्याख्या मिलती है। इस पुराण के अधिष्ठातृ देव भगवान विष्णु हैं, इसलिए ये वैष्णव पुराण है।

गरुड़ पुराण के अनुसार हमारे कर्मों का फल हमें हमारे जीवन-काल में तो मिलता ही है परंतु मृत्यु के बाद भी अच्छे बुरे कार्यों का उनके अनुसार फल मिलता है। इस कारण इस पुराण में निहित ज्ञान को प्राप्त करने के लिए घर के किसी सदस्य की मृत्यु के बाद का समय निर्धारित किया गया है...

..ताकि उस समय हम जीवन-मरण से जुड़े सभी सत्य जान सकें और मृत्यु के कारण बिछडने वाले सदस्य का दुख कम हो सके।
गरुड़ पुराण में विष्णु की भक्ति व अवतारों का विस्तार से उसी प्रकार वर्णन मिलता है जिस प्रकार भगवत पुराण में।आरम्भ में मनु से सृष्टि की उत्पत्ति,ध्रुव चरित्र की कथा मिलती है।

तदुपरांत सुर्य व चंद्र ग्रहों के मंत्र, शिव-पार्वती मंत्र,इन्द्र सम्बंधित मंत्र,सरस्वती मंत्र और नौ शक्तियों के बारे में विस्तार से बताया गया है।
इस पुराण में उन्नीस हज़ार श्लोक बताए जाते हैं और इसे दो भागों में कहा जाता है।
प्रथम भाग में विष्णुभक्ति और पूजा विधियों का उल्लेख है।

मृत्यु के उपरांत गरुड़ पुराण के श्रवण का प्रावधान है ।
पुराण के द्वितीय भाग में 'प्रेतकल्प' का विस्तार से वर्णन और नरकों में जीव के पड़ने का वृत्तांत मिलता है। मरने के बाद मनुष्य की क्या गति होती है, उसका किस प्रकार की योनियों में जन्म होता है, प्रेत योनि से मुक्ति के उपाय...

In the last couple of days Russian propaganda has published a lot of content alleging that Poland staged provocations against the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. The content in question has employed narratives in use by the Kremlin in its influence activities against Poland. 1/6

Pattern no. 1
Articles posted to Russian websites pick up false accusations against the Poles. These include bogus claims that Poland sabotaged the construction site of the Russia-to-Germany gas link and carried out a direct attack on the pipeline. 2/6

Pattern no. 2
Some of the articles warn that the Kremlin may take retaliatory actions against Poland. Based on false accusations thrown by Russia, the Kremlin’s propaganda amplifies the calls by some journalists and contributors to embark on aggressive activities against PL. 3/6

Pattern no. 3
The Russian media outlets publish a lot of materials that mock the Polish Navy. The narratives that denigrate this component of the Polish Armed Forces are based on opinions and quotes by single Polish Internet users. 4/6

These information warfare efforts aim to:

- solidify false accusations made against Poland

- threaten the Polish society with a potential response by Russia

- weaken the morale of the Polish soldiers and undermine the image of the army 5/6

@powerbeastt @buzz_chronicles @rattibha @SaveToBookmarks save as Movies