Happy Monday! Dominion Voting Systems is suing Rudy Giuliani for $1.3 billion.

As Akiva notes, the legal question is going to boil down to something known as "actual malice."

That's a tricky concept for nonlawyers (and often for lawyers) so an explainer might help.

What I'm going to do with this thread is a bit different from normal - I'm going to start by explaining the underlying law so that you can see why lawyers are a little skeptical of the odds of success, and only look at the complaint after that.
So let's start with the most basic basics:
If you want to win a defamation case, you have to prove:
(1) that defendant made a false and defamatory statement about you;
(2) to a third party without privilege;
(3) with the required degree of fault;
(4) causing you to suffer damage.
For Dominion's defamation cases, proving 1 and 4 is easy. 2 is, in the case of the lawyers they're suing, slightly more complex but not hard. And 3 - degree of fault - is really really hard to prove.
A false statement of fact that is defamatory is a slam dunk element here - all the fraud allegations against dominion are totally banana-pants. They are also allegations which are clearly going to harm Dominion's reputation.
Damages are also going to be simple - Dominion relies on a certain degree of public trust; without that they die. And the defendants have made them toxic to about a third of America.
Publication to another is easy - Rudy (and Sidney) told the world as loudly and often as they could that Dominion is corrupt. "Without privilege" is a bit more complex because statements made in litigation are privileged. You can't sue someone for stuff said in a different case.
But it's only just a tiny bit more complex here because Rudy and Sidney are both loudmouths and made lots of out-of-court statements. The plaintiffs just need to be sure they're relying only on those and that element is fine.
That leaves degree of fault. If a private individual accuses someone of defamation, all they have to prove is negligence. But if a public figure accuses someone of defamation, negligence isn't enough. They have to prove what's known as "actual malice."
And it's very very likely that Dominion is a public figure. In fact, when @jbarro and @Popehat interviewed their lawyer before the cases were filed, he said that while he wasn't going to concede the point, he was planning on having to prove actual malice.
So let's talk about actual malice. The first thing you need to know is that in the defamation context, "actual malice" has nothing to do with ill-will or the normal meaning of the word "malice." (Sorry, I know that's confusing. It's not my fault. Blame SCOTUS.)
To prove "actual malice" in a defamation case, you need to show either that the defendant knowingly lied or that the defendant made the statements with "reckless disregard" of the truth. And "reckless disregard" is *also* a term of art here.
You can't prove "reckless disregard" by showing that there wasn't an investigation or that there was a lot of evidence that it wasn't true. You have to show that the defendant actually had serious doubts about the truth of the statement and made them anyway.
That's something that's hard to prove unless you can climb into the defendant's head. And it's really hard to do that, especially before discovery.
And when I say "really hard," here's what I mean:

I've been flipping through defamation cases from the court where this case was filed. I'm finding lots of cases that were dismissed because actual malice wasn't adequately pled. I've not yet found one where a case survived.
That's not to say there aren't any - I've only looked at 10 or 15 - but it's a very big lift.

OK - just found a case where a defamation claim survived a motion to dismiss in D. DC. Let's take a look at what that required.
In this case, Zimmerman v Al Jazeera, 246 F Supp 3d 257, 281-86 (D DC 2017), one claim survived a motion to dismiss. That survival seemed to be based on the fact that the media organization had obvious reasons to doubt their only source's veracity and still didn't investigate.
The court noted that just reasons to doubt alone wasn't enough, that failure to investigate also was often not enough, but that all of that, in combination with the source's recantation, could show reckless disregard.

And even there, the court called it a "close question."
That's a single surviving claim in an ocean of "failed to show actual malice" cases.

So I hope you can see why, even though the claims are insane and it's clear that Rudy at least should have known they were false, a lot of lawyers are still skeptical of Dominion's chances.
I've got stuff that I have to take care of right now, but I'll do another thread after lunch (linking back to this) where we'll look at the complaint and see where things stand. I will say that I'm a bit more hopeful than @AkivaMCohen seems to be, but maybe only a bit.

More from Mike Dunford

Election Litigation Update: DC - the "let's sue the Electoral College" case.

This is a bit surprising, given that as of last time I checked nobody had been served and no appearance had been entered. I suspect it's an effort to make sure the case isn't "pending" on the 6th.


And, sure enough, still no proof of service on ANY defendant, still no appearance from defense counsel. And this is denying the motion for preliminary injunction but does NOT dismiss the case - which is potentially ominous for plaintiff's counsel.


This isn't a "happy judge" kind of first paragraph. Not even a little bit. Nope.


Y'all, this isn't even directed within a few hundred miles of my direction and I sill just instinctively checked to make sure that there's room for me to hide under my desk if I have to - this is a very not happy, very federal, very judge tone.


Also - the judge just outright said there's a bunch of reasons for dismissal. And not in "might be" terms. In definite fact ones. But the case isn't dismissed yet.

If I was plaintiffs counsel, I'd definitely be clearing under my desk right now, and possibly also my underwear.
OK. The Teams meeting that I unsuccessfully evaded (and which was actually a lot of fun and I'm really genuinely happy I was reminded to attend) is over, so let's take another swing at looking at the latest filings from in re Gondor.


As far as I can tell from the docket, this is the FOURTH attempt in a week to get a TRO; the question the judge will ask if they ever figure out how to get the judge's attention will be "couldn't you have served by now;" and this whole thing is a

The memorandum in support of this one is 9 pages, and should go pretty quick.

But they still haven't figured out widow/orphan issues.

https://t.co/l7EDatDudy


It appears that the opening of this particular filing is going to proceed on the theme of "we are big mad at @SollenbergerRC" which is totally something relevant when you are asking a District Court to temporarily annihilate the US Government on an ex parte basis.


Also, if they didn't want their case to be known as "in re Gondor" they really shouldn't have gone with the (non-literary) "Gondor has no king" quote.

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Хајде да направимо мали осврт на случај Мика Алексић .

Алексић је жртва енглеске освете преко Оливере Иванчић .
Мика је одбио да снима филм о блаћењу Срба и мењању историје Срба , иза целокупног пројекта стоји дипломатски кор Британаца у Београду и Оливера Иванчић


Оливера Илинчић је иначе мајка једне од његових ученица .
Која је претила да ће се осветити .

Мика се налази у притвору због наводних оптужби глумице Милене Радуловић да ју је наводно силовао човек од 70 година , са три бајпаса и извађеном простатом пре пет година

Иста персона је и обезбедила финансије за филм преко Беча а филм је требао да се бави животом Десанке Максимовић .
А сетите се и ко је иницирао да се Десанка Максимовић избаци из уџбеника и школства у Србији .

И тако уместо романсиране верзије Десанке Максимовић утицај Британаца

У Србији стави на пиједестал и да се Британци у Србији позитивно афирмишу како би се на тај начин усмерила будућност али и мењао ток историје .
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Најгоре од свега што је то Мика Алексић изговорио у присуству високих дипломатских представника , а одговор је био да се све неће на томе завршити и да ће га то скупо коштати .
Нашта им је Мика рекао да је он свој живот проживео и да могу да му раде шта хоће и силно их извређао
A brief analysis and comparison of the CSS for Twitter's PWA vs Twitter's legacy desktop website. The difference is dramatic and I'll touch on some reasons why.

Legacy site *downloads* ~630 KB CSS per theme and writing direction.

6,769 rules
9,252 selectors
16.7k declarations
3,370 unique declarations
44 media queries
36 unique colors
50 unique background colors
46 unique font sizes
39 unique z-indices

https://t.co/qyl4Bt1i5x


PWA *incrementally generates* ~30 KB CSS that handles all themes and writing directions.

735 rules
740 selectors
757 declarations
730 unique declarations
0 media queries
11 unique colors
32 unique background colors
15 unique font sizes
7 unique z-indices

https://t.co/w7oNG5KUkJ


The legacy site's CSS is what happens when hundreds of people directly write CSS over many years. Specificity wars, redundancy, a house of cards that can't be fixed. The result is extremely inefficient and error-prone styling that punishes users and developers.

The PWA's CSS is generated on-demand by a JS framework that manages styles and outputs "atomic CSS". The framework can enforce strict constraints and perform optimisations, which is why the CSS is so much smaller and safer. Style conflicts and unbounded CSS growth are avoided.