1
The city of Kashi epitomizes the unshakeable resilience & unity of Hindus. Devastated multiple times by Islamic invaders, it rose again every time to be rebuilt & renewed by Hindus from all over India, who ensured its perpetual rebirth & existence.

1/n
In a stunning research paper “A possible Harappan astronomical observatory at Dholavira”, authors M. Vahia & SM. Menon (2013) reveal the discovey of a full-fledged astronomical observatory at Dholavira, Gujarat - a Sarasvati-Sindhu site dating back to before 2500 BCE

2/n
Dholavira, situated on the Tropic of Cancer, was an important port city in 2500 BCE when sea levels were higher. Since the city was a hub of commerce & trade with West Asia , keeping track of time was crucial to the city. It was located on an island in today's Rann of Kutch.

3/n
Latest accelerator based radiocarbon dating suggests Dholavira was occupied from at least 3,500 BCE (pre Harappan). However, the settlement possibly started earlier since the oldest settlement level could not be dated due to lack of datable material.

4/n
This specific discovery was made in the "Bailey" of the city, a 13-room structure with a plan including 2 circular rooms, unlike all other structures in the city. Many features indicate the circular rooms of the Bailey were built intentionally for astronomical observation.

5/n
Unlike the rest of Dholavira, the Bailey rises from South to North & was intentionally built on an incline at 23.5 deg. corresponding exactly to the latitude of the city, so that it points to the region of sky where stars always would be circumpolar.

1/n
One of the forgotten traditions of ancient India is the breeding & training of expert dogs for hunting & tracking. It has been a warrior tradition for thousands of years. One of the earliest mentions is in the Ramayana, where Bharata is presented with a group of hunting dogs

2/n
Such royal hounds were bred by his grandfather & are described as huge dogs with fang like spears & the strength & courage of tigers. They come from the Kaikeya country (R 2:64:21). This pastime of hunting with a pack of expertly trained hounds was called Shvaganika.

3/n
Shvaganika was a favorite pastime of Kshatriyas. In the Mahabharata, a hunting party of Kauravas & Pandavas is accompanied by a dog & its keeper. (Mbh 1,123,15) The practice is also mentioned by Panini (Panini 4:4:11 ) & Kalidasa also refers to it in his poetry.

4/n
Some of these hounds had beautiful golden leashes and collars studded with gems. The Arthashastra prescribes a fine of 54 Panas for the theft or killing of such dogs & other pets. (Arthashasta 4:10:2) It also refers to special houses or kennels for dogs.

5/n
According to Chanakya, The Superintendent of Pasture lands must have among his helpers, hunters with packs of expertly trained hunting dogs. (Arthashastra 2:34:9) In Brihat Samhita, Varahamihira devotes an entire chapter to the predictive abilities of such dogs

1/n
Bhagwan Ram’s life is primarily known to us from references in texts such as the Ramayana & Vasistha’s Yoga. We know him as a king, hero & divine Avatar, but did you know that Shree Rama was a scientist & one of ancient India’s foremost experts on chemistry & metallurgy?

2/n
Bhudeb Mookerjee, principal of Bengal College of Ayurveda was an Ayurvedic doctor & Sanskrit scholar. In 1938, he published “Rasa Jala Nidhi, Vol. 5” on Hindu chemistry. In Part 8, he directly names Shree Ramachandra as one of the greatest experts of ancient Hindu chemistry.

3/n
He tells us that King Ramachandra of Ayodhya, learnt chemistry from two great Yogis & Siddhas (Chemists) named Kalanatha & Lakshmisvara in the Dandaka forest. Having gained expertise in the field of chemistry & metallurgy, he was named “Dandakanatha” by the sages.

4/n
There he authored a book on chemistry called “Ram Rajiya” Sadly, the original manuscript is not available, but reference to it are found in treatises Rasa-Ratna-Samuchchaya & Bhava-Prakasha. The book’s preface says the author is Dasharathputra, king Ramachandra of Ayodhya.

5/n
It also mentions that the author learnt Rasa-vidya (metallic chemistry) from the great Rishis Kalanatha, and Laksmisvara. It states that the author prepared an image of his wife in gold manufactured by himself. Rama-Rajiya tells us the process of how this gold was obtained.

1/n
In school we were all taught that the word “Juggernaut”was simply an English mispronunciation of Bhagwan Jagannath of Puri whose Rath Yatra is one of the most famous festivals of Hindus. But do you know the horrific origins of the English word “Juggernaut” ?

2/n
For thousands of years Lord Jagannath, Balbhadra & Subhadra are placed on beautifully decorated chariots, and pulled through the streets of Puri by devotees, so that all devotees can get a Darshan of the sacred family. The English first saw this spectacle in the early 1800s.

3/n
When the British invaders first saw the Rath Yatra they could not believe their eyes at the grandeur. Reverend Claudius Buchanan, an Anglican missionary was the first British official to use the word “Juggernaut” in the West in the early 1800s.

4/n
In his letters to Britain, Buchanan represented Juggernaut as a murderous, savage & bloodthirsty cult which sacrificed children. In 1811, Buchanan published Christian Researches in Asia, his “assessment” of the religious condition of India where he demonized “Juggernaut”

5/n
In his very first experience of a glimpse of the Rath Yatra festival , Buchanan was horrified. He immediately tied it to Biblical references of Evil Pagan God “Moloch of the Valley of Hinom”. This was the valley where pagan altars were created hundreds of years before Christ

1
It was not India but Europe which first invented the word “Casta” linking purity of blood & skin color to status in society. Hindus never had a word that meant caste. It's a racist term connoting white superiority as the measure of intelligence, civilization and morality.

2
"Casta" is an Iberian word meaning lineage. It is documented in Spanish since 1417. It is the root of the English word caste. It was historically used as a racial and social identifier where colonial Spanish & Portugese societies had a hierarchical race-based "caste system".

3
Originating from the Spanish concept of purity of blood called "Limpieza de sangre", during Christian conflict with Islam, Casta was used in Christian Spain to demarcate those of Jewish or Muslim heritage who were usually convicted by the Spanish inquisition for heresy.

4
Only the “Old Christians” who had “Limpieza de sangre” or purity of blood, had high social status. So it was Christian religious extremism during the Inquisition with its ideas of racial superiority and purity of blood that created the original Sistema de Casta or Caste System.

5
In the 1500s, the Spanish solidified the ideas of purity of blood & Casta as directly associated to skin color and percentage of “white blood” in a person. Anyone with a lineage even inked to a dark skinned ancestor was tainted by a "stain" due to that connection.

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MAHARAANI TARARANI: THE QUEEN OF MARATHAS

Rani Tarabai was the brave daughter-in-law of Chhatrapati Shivaji and one of the greatest medieval Monarchs India ever had.
She was born in 1675 to one of the bravest commander-in-chiefs of Shivaji's Army named Hambir Rao Mohite.

Tarabai was just 8yrs old when she was married to Shivaji's younger son, Rajaram. Mughals and Marathas were constantly at war with each other. Shivaji was crowned the ruler of the Independent Maratha Swarajya in 1674 which was established by him.

However,the great leader died in 1680&the Maratha Samrajya went into a complete&total chaos.Marathas saw some very tough times ahead. In 1689,when Raigad Fort fell to the Mughal Army of over 15000,Shivaji's first wife Saibai and his elder son Sambhaji were captured&put to death.

Sambhaji's wife and son Shahu were taken prisoners to the Mughal court. During the same battle, Shivaji's second son Rajaram(Tarabai's husband) , who was the heir to the throne now, managed to escape using a disguise. He made his way to the Gingee Fort in Tamil Nadu.

Mughal General Zulfikar Khan, however, followed them to Gingee laying siege to the Gingee Fort. From 1690-1698,This was the longest siege by a Mughal Army of any Fort which stands testimony to the military and diplomatic credentials of Rani Tarabai.

@AchuthArora @aldothetrainer @Artofphysique_ @buzz_chronicles @rattibha Gotcha, boss!

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