#AdamSmith, #WealthOfNations, and #CornLaws!
What more could you possibly want on a Saturday morning? (IV.v.b) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets

Yes, it’s the Digression Concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws! We can barely contain ourselves long enough to remind you that “corn” doesn’t mean 🌽 It means the principal cereal crop of a nation. (We keep saying so because we keep forgetting.) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
#TLDR on #AdamSmith’s thoughts on the Corn Laws:

They’re bad. (IV.v.b.1) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Corn merchants can be broken down into four groups. Smith loves to break things down into groups.
1) Inland traders
2) Importers
3) Exporters
4) Transporters (IV.v.b.2) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
If inland traders raise their prices higher than supply and demand will allow, they’ll discourage consumption beyond “thrift and good management.” People will go hungry and crops will rot.

That's bad. (IV.v.b.3) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
If inland traders don’t raise prices high enough, people will overbuy, traders will lose profits, and the food will run out before the end of the season and people will go hungry.

That's bad. (IV.v.b.3) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Careful attention to supply and demand and sensible pricing means that inland traders get the best profit and the people don’t starve.

It's the #InvisibleHand at work. That's good! (IV.v.b.3) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
If it were possible to have a monopoly on corn, a merchant might destroy crops to raise prices. But it’s too hard to do this with corn—too many merchants, too much corn. (IV.v.b.4) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
You don’t get dearth and famine from inland merchants colluding over prices.

You get dearth from war and bad weather.

You get famine from government interference. (IV.v.b.5–6) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
When the government sets prices for corn, they either keep corn off the market ➡ early famine, OR encourage people to buy too much too soon ➡ end-of-season famine.

People don't like it, but free trade is the only solution. (IV.v.b.7) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
When the govt interferes and famine results, everyone blames the corn merchants, not the government.

They seem, to Smith, to be the most hated of all merchants in history. (IV.v.b.8–10) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
"Our ancestors seem to have imagined" they could save money by cutting out the middleman.

We, the SmithTweeters, regret to fill you in about the prejudices of your descendants, Dr. Smith. (IV.v.b.11) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Middlemen have always seemed to consumers like they make money by doing nothing but increasing the cost of goods they buy before reselling them. (Just ask @mungowitz!) But what middlemen do is bring resources to where they are more valued. (IV.v.b.11) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Where resources are most valued might be another time or another place. Middlemen know they can make a profit by carrying corn to where it's needed or holding corn until it's needed, and then charging more because it's needed more. (IV.v.b.11–21) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
The prejudice against middlemen resulted in regulating agriculture very differently than manufacturing:
Manufactures were forbidden to sell their wares directly. Farmers were required to. (IV.v.b.12–14) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
These regulations prevented not only the division of labor but the development of land.

That makes corn more expensive, which was the opposite of what the laws intended! Oooooops. (IV.v.b.17) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Treating corn merchants like any other wholesale dealers would help ensure we use our land, our corn, our money, and our time better. We'd all be better off! (IV.v.b.18–21) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Adam Smith thinks George III gets some things wrong in the corn laws.

American SmithTweeters agree! (IV.v.b.23–26) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
The corn laws are like laws against witchcraft. They’re irrational and they blame people for bad things that they are not causing. The rational thing is free trade. (IV.v.b.26) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
#AdamSmith discusses the mathematics of politics for three paragraphs.
Then he says, “I have no great faith in political arithmetic.”
Moving on. (IV.v.b.27–30) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Importers of foreign corn increase supply and lower prices.

That’s good!

Corn farmers and merchants disagree for reasons Smith has been explaining for some time now, but high import duties lead to want and scarcity. (IV.v.b.32–35) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Counterintuitively, exporters help keep supplies up at home.

Unless farmers are allowed to export, they’ll be too cautious about planting more than they can sell. Failed crops, etc. will lead to an undersupply. (IV.v.b.36) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
We’ve always been nicer to exporters than importers or inland merchants. Maybe because it’s fun to charge high prices to foreigners?
(You should see our international SmithTweeting rates!) (IV.v.b.38) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
In case you're not sure, Smith still thinks free trade is the answer. Forbidding farmers from selling goods to the best market (home or overseas) is unjust as well as unproductive. (IV.v.b.39) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Why keep regulating? As with religion, we think our own interest is so great the government should push people around to protect it. We build bad laws and worse systems and do dumb things like persecuting "witches". (IV.v.b.40) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
https://t.co/dc9Y96eoj0
[That’s some epic #SmithSnark. We bet #DavidHume drew little hearts in the margin by that paragraph.] (IV.v.b.40) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Merchants who import grain in order to export it somewhere else are basically banned in England.

That's bad.

A country that serves as a storehouse will never starve! (IV.v.b.41–42) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
Another #TLDR: Stop praising the corn laws and start treating agriculture more like manufacturing. (IV.v.b.43–53) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets
One more time. Corn Laws Bad. Free Trade Good!

Good Digression. Good job, everyone. See you tomorrow! #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets

More from @AdamSmithWorks

OK. Chapter 7 of Book 4 of #WealthOfNations is tough going. It's long. It's serious. It's all about colonies.

We can take comfort, though, in knowing that the chapter #AdamSmith says is about colonies is, in fact, about colonies. (IV.vii) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets


Colonies were a vexed subject when #AdamSmith was writing, and they’re even more complicated now. So, before we even get to the tweeting, here’s a link to that thread on Smith and “savage nations.” (IV.vii) #WealthOfTweets


The reason for the ancient Greeks and Romans to settle colonies was straightforward: they didn’t have enough space for their growing populations. Their colonies were treated as “emancipated children”—connected but independent. (IV.vii.a.2) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets

(Both these things are in contrast to the European colonies, as we'll see.) (IV.vii.a.2) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets

Ancient Greeks and Romans needed more space because the land was owned by an increasingly small number of citizens and farming and nearly all trades and arts were performed by slaves. It was hard for a poor freeman to improve his life. (IV.vii.a.3) #WealthOfTweets #SmithTweets

More from Law

One of the judges this story mentions is William Cassidy, who was promoted from an Atlanta IJ position to a BIA member position in 2019 by the Trump DOJ. Cassidy has an awful history that has been well-documented, but I'm still enraged reading this reporting.


The story notes that the EOIR Director served as an ICE attorney in Atlanta and practiced before Cassidy for years. And it points to FOIA records unearthed by Bryan Johnson showing they remain friendly.

A trove of complaints against Cassidy was published by AILA in 2019 after FOIA litigation. They generally show misconduct, substantiated in the record, followed by "written counseling" etc.

One way Cassidy could avoid discipline is by turning off the recording device during the hearing. If he made a lewd or offensive comment off the record, all the EOIR would do is listen to the recording. If it's not there, the complaint is "unsubstantiated" https://t.co/wUeBPEEbpV


In that case, Cassidy joked about a detained immigrant saying he missed his wife. The complaint was dismissed because the ACIJ found "no levity or joking" in the comment.

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