1. What are stem cells? What are the various types of stem cells? How are stem cells being used in medicine today? Can stem cells be packaged into pills and taken orally?

2. Stem cells are basically undifferentiated cells found in various organs of the body. Almost every organ has a reserve quantity of cells that are capable of maturing and replacing already existent cells in that organ.

3. There are different types of stem cells based on their origin and method by which they can be derived. There are embryonic, adult, tissue specific,multipotent, pluripotent, totipotent and induced pluripotent stem cells. See graphics below.

4. Stem cells are used in a variety of ways in medicine today. For instance, when a person has a blood or bone marrow disorder, they may receive a stem cell transplant. There is also a lot of work being done using stem cells on neurodegenerative disease research.

5. Stem cells, human stem cells need to be viable to be used in therapy. There is no way one can package then into capsules and administer them orally to a human being and immediately they find their way to a target organ 😂😂. Hakuna zvakadero. 6

Dental news you’ve missed this week.https://t.co/9KB8gbT2W8 healty for you.

CDO Sara Hurley speaks out after change in COVID-19 alert level

I have created a step-by-step guide to building a #CorsiRosenthalBox. Thank you @JimRosenthal4 & @CorsIAQ for approving it. Displaying it in waiting rooms, offices, schools, and libraries will help more people stay safe this season. Please DM me if you need a PDF or another size.

Also, thank you to @LadyScorcher and @amandalhu!

I am not full sure people appreciate the impact of B117 strain on the course of the pandemic. TL;DR B117 is "a pandemic inside a pandemic" and demands both monitoring and preparation for when it arrives in a location. Vaccination is even more of a priority due to B117.

Context: I am an expert on human genetics and computational biology. I know experts in viral evolution, testing, infectious epidemiology, clinical trials. I have COIs in that I am long established consultant to @nanopore and I am on the Ox/AZ vaccine trial.

B117 clearly transmits faster. This has been clear in a UK context now for over a month, with particularly insightful backtracking of growth of B117 from low levels through October/November; it is true in Denmark; it is true in Ireland.

(Shout out the fast responding science of @CovidGenomicsUK, of the analysis of @jcbarret and @arambaut, of clever genomics-epi models of @MoritzGerstung and @harald_voeh and on it testing / spidey sense of @The_Soup_Dragon)

(In Denmark their excellent genomic surveillance, similar to UK's allows Denmark to know about the growth of B117 from low level in the context of other strains - props to @MadsAlbertsen85 and colleagues; In Ireland it is becoming one of the dominant variants)

Now that we already have maxed out hospitals and still-rising Covid infection and death rate, mass evictions in winter with many times more looming, and have learned that, actually young people are dying from the virus...

Now that we know these conditions —viral and social—are also killing people at much higher rates through accidents, untreated medical conditions, overdose and exposure ....

Now that we know that warnings haven’t stopped people from traveling or large gatherings at anything like the degree needed and that going to work is a major cause of the continuing intensification of the pandemic

You’d think that a discussion of travel restrictions and more rigorous closure of unnecessary construction, retail, in-person instruction, gyms, restaurants and the like , with actual funding and rent/mortgage freezes to make this possible, would be, at least, on the table

But it’s not. The ruling class is literally banking on another couple hundred thousand preventable deaths.

tw weight , dieting , eating disorders
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can we all have a touch grass moment for a second. can we please remember that idols are real people. real people with problems they might not have the access to solutions for. many of them young, early 20’s, brains still unfinished.

yes, there is a level of responsibility when it comes to what you share with your audience, especially if they are young and impressionable, however, idols are not going to be hyperonline like most of us, and are not going to know the ins and outs of what might be acceptable +

+ especially in regards to something as nuanced and varied from place to place as diet culture. no, i don’t think talking about going on a diet as an idol is inherently bad. they are sharing their life with us.

as it stands, their jobs revolve around being open with us, and if it provides some comfort to them to be able to share things like this, then i don’t think it should necessarily be shamed as hard as it was this morning.

i saw a tweet saying to pick up a book on fat politics to see why this whole debacle is just unbridled fatphobia from the artist.

no idol that i know of has ever purported to be apart of any kind of body posi/fat liberation movement.

Many of you don't know that my day job is in the NHS. When I'm not writing articles about just how many aircraft certain carriers happen to have, I'm in a hospital.

I've worked in the NHS in various roles for 12 years now, currently I'm on a 'covid ward'. Actually that's a bit misleading, we no longer have dedicated 'covid wards' most wards now deal with it. That luxury no longer exists.

Since March I've been terrified of going to work due to a virus various halfwits like to claim doesn't exist and it's made all that worse wearing the PPE, the place feels like an oven. I probably sweat more water than I have the time to drink.

Things in the hospital started to get better in the middle of last year but that didn't last long. Things are ramping back up to where they were at the height of the pandemic.

I'm not worried though because my colleagues, from cleaners to doctors and from nurses to porters still know what they're doing. The building is getting scrubbed, patients are getting treated and staff still have a smile for each other despite the immense pressure.

ALL ABOUT PAAN

Paan, also called as betel leaf.

When we hear word paan , a constant image comes on mind as everyone who eat pan, will spit on walls with typical red color, paan will have all typical tobaccos ingredients and only some are exception which just have non tobacco

Here we all go wrong :

These 2 myths about paan is totally wrong.

First : Paan is mentioned in our culture from centuries , Paan should never have these tobaccos options, tobaccos paan was alteration after India was attacked by various foreigner

Portuguese[Introduced tobacco] , British[introduced cigarette filled with tobacco], before that Paan was only eaten as mouth freshener and digestive option.

History and significance -

Puranic Reference

There is a reference in Srimad Bhagavatam, that Lord Krishna chewed paan.

According to Skanda Purana, the betel leaves are said to have emerged during the Samudra Manthana or The Churning of the Ocean.

There is also a mention of betel leaves in Ramayana and Mahabharata.

In Lalita Sahasranama, there is a verse- “tambula purita mukhi” meaning, one whose mouth is full of chewing betel.

The use of betel leaves is mentioned in Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas,

As US hospitals make the necessary shuffle to accommodate the current wave, I would like to remind leadership about the study done on the psychological status of frontline hospital workers during NYC's spring Covid surge (thread).

As expected, many participants reported stress, anxiety, and depression. But the study also looked into *what* exactly made participants feel distressed.

This graph is showing % of participants who found these factors "highly distressing." Note in the work environment section (blue) the number of things that rank higher than patient deaths.

These include:
- Perceptions of a lack of control and/or uncertainty
- Performing clinical work that is outside of your specialty
- The need/expectation for healthcare providers to provide social support to patients in lieu of their families (due to visitation restrictions)

- Difficult triage decisions or rationing of care (potential or actual) due to resource scarcity
- And also fears related to getting/transmitting Covid within the work environment - in particular, the uncertain Covid status of other healthcare providers

Cross-sectional imaging often reveals unexpected pancreatic cystic lesions, it is a frequent clinical problem, Should we observe or remove it? What's the diagnosis? Is our patient in danger of malignancy?
Don’t miss this @aegastro @my_ueg #EducAEG #UEGambassador twitter thread

Importance of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms (PCN):
Most are asymptomatic at diagnosis, frequency increases with age
Symptoms: acute pancreatitis (Wirsung obstructed by the cyst or mucus), pain, obstructive chronic pancreatitis, jaundice
> symptoms, >malignancy risk!

Classification of PCN:
Mucinous: intraductal papillary mucinous neop. and mucinous cystic neop.
Nonmucinous: serous cystic neoplasm, solid pseudopapillary neoplasm and cystic neuroendocrine tumours
Endoderm- derived columnar epithelium is characteristic for mucinous lesions
👇

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN)
Characterized by papillary proliferation+mucus production. It may involve Wirsung (becomes dilated) and/or branch ducts (cysts connected to the ductal system). It may evolve to pancreatic cancer particularly if Wirsung is involved

IPMN subtypes :
Intestinal: main duct, head, 40%->coloid/tubular adenoca
Pancreatobiliary: main duct,head, 68%->tubular adenoca
Oncocytic: rare, nodules,50%-> coloid/tubular adenoca
Gastric: most frequent, branch-type, uncinate, 10%->tubular

Hot take: optics are better abstraction than lenses, in *all* use cases. Why? They make explicit all the things you're implicitly thinking about anyway when using lenses. I think they are really important in shaping how we think about bidirectional maps. A short thread. 👇 1/9

Optics make explicit 1) the internal state (residual) and 2) the fact that you need to have the base category either be Cartesian, or at the very least have the "get" maps be comonoid homomorphisms. Let's look at the state/residual.
2/9

In lenses, this state is always the same as the input and is implicit. This can be seen by repackaging the get map from get: X → Y to Δₓ;(get×X):X e→ Y×X. Now our new get map (in addition to computing the output) passes through the input. This is good for a few reasons. 3/9

First, this pleasantly symmetric with the put:X×Y'→X'. But also, this new map is now exactly the "left" map of an optic too. (It turns out put was all along the "right" map). This tells us that the passed-through input is actually the state we're remembering. 4/9

But most importantly, this formulation is now explicit in the use of the copy map Δₓ:X → X×X, which you might have not realized is needed if you were just thinking about the standard get-put formulation. Furthermore, when you were composing lenses, ... 5/9

A day in the life of a junior doctor on covid ward. By Jane Smith (not her real name) in the UK. /thread
"I begin my shift at 8am. Before I can even head to my allocated bay, a nurse is already asking for a doctor to help her. One of the patients won’t put on his mask

and his oxygen levels are dropping. It takes me a few moments to get on my PPE before I can get to him. I try to talk to the man, but it’s difficult for him to hear me through my mask and the noise of all of the CPAP oxygen machines. He tells me that he’s tired of fighting,

and that he wants to be left alone. I have to be sure that he understands the risks, so I ask him to explain to me what he expects will happen if he takes off his mask and doesn’t put it back on. He says he doesn’t know. I tell him that he has to understand that he will die

and that he needs to say those words to me if that is what he really wants. Eventually we compromise; he will put his mask on for another hour, then phone his wife and tell me his decision. This man is 61.

I am allocated B Bay, in which there are five patients. My patients are mostly men, ranging from their early 30s to their 60s. This is younger than normal on HDU because — as I explained to the man — we only have beds for people with a fighting chance.

https://t.co/ZLzH00ba8Q

“Men . . . go mad in herds, while they only recover their senses slowly, and one by one.”

Mijn dagelijkse portie 'sanity' and 'mental health'

#coronamaatregelen #coronavirus #vaccination

"So wrote Scottish journalist Charles Mackay in his 1841 book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, which for good reason to this day remains in print."

"The Covid-19 hysteria, scientifically called mass psychogenic illness, that began in March has yet to peak. And if some have it their way it will continue indefinitely, merely going, in medical terminology, from epidemic to endemic."

"That is, it will never fully go away no matter what."

"Except. For. One. That’s total elimination of the disease."

"That may be close to impossible and incredibly expensive to even try, but like eliminating all carbon emissions in a decade it is a goal."

"The problem, of course, is that we’ve never eliminated an airborne virus by quarantining healthy people and there’s no scientific breakthrough that has made that any more possible now than it’s ever been."

@GoadGatsby WARNING: THIS POST CONTAINS INFO LIKELY TO MAKE STEAM COME OUT YOUR EARS
Personally, I don't use but I gotta ask b/as long time SA Counselor & Clinical Neuropsychologist,
What ARE these people so on re weed about? Theres NOTHING abt weed comes anywhere close to t/individual, 1/

relational, marital familial, societal and physical and mental health damage done by alcohol (ism) daily. PERIOD FULL STOP

& Research that was so long denied has found a plethora of bennies.

That's not to say no abuse occurs or is possible, (however, [stick with me here] 2/

I see a variety of WS groups currently abusing [t/great American symbol of home family & motherhood] MILK these days...
Hey, if it's a substance/any substance or something transduced or processes by your chemical brain [neurochemistry baby] use misuse, abuse addiction & 3/

deadly addiction is a thing, A BIG THING including "thought addiction," [we MH profs call this obsession] which seems a likely group DX for folks on the right who are virtually obsessed with weed as if it were Hitler, meanwhile they're tryna convince themselves he had a 4/

rational national plan on repeat. But I digress).
Bottom line: Cannabis Use/Abuse Disorder is far less (note t/word LESS) common, far less damaging both in t/short- & long-term & pop #s for Cannibis Use/Abuse are no where near those of alcoholics & the resulting death maiming 5/

💥 Role of Stents in Dialysis Vascular Access - Tweetorial

⚡️Indications for Stent Use

⚡️Recent Clinical Trials of Stents in Dialysis Vascular Access

⚡️Complications associated with Stent Use

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@ASDINNews
#VascularAccessPearls

⚡️Arterio-venous (AV) Access
causes significant morbidity & mortality in patients on hemodialysis

⚡️Most AV access associated complications are due to vascular stenosis👇🏽
2/

⚡️Vascular Access care has evolved over the past 60 years:

-Scribner’s Shunt in 1960 ➡️
-Brescia-Cimino AVF in 1966 ➡️
-1st Balloon Angioplasty in 1981 ➡️
-1st Bare Metal Stent in 1988 ➡️
-1st Covered Stent in 1996 ➡️
-DCB use in 2012
3/

⚡️Despite these innovations, AV access stenosis remains a big problem

-Percutaneous Balloon Angioplasty (PTA) remains the 1st line therapy for stenosis but it is NOT very effective

-AVF patency after PTA is only 50% at 6-months & it is worse for AVGs👇🏽
4/

⚡️Neointimal Hyperplasia (NIH) causes vascular stenosis & it is due to:

-Hemodynamic stress
-Surgical trauma
-Cannulation needle trauma
-AVG

‼️But balloon angioplasty, the treatment for stenosis, can itself induce NIH & cause restenosis👇🏽
5/