BC SOCIETY
Saved by @Mollyycolllinss

@_Miatonin @AOC There is no no differences in strength between men and women are seen when normalized for muscle cross-sectional

 @LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC It is reductionist (and wrong) to suggest the performance gap is all about biology (e.g. testosterone).
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Based on the present evidence, it is reasonable to suggest that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors contribute to the range of gender gaps observed across sports.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Men and women exhibit similar relative responses to resistance training, with no gender-specific responses noted after 10-weeks of resistance training.
https://t.co/LpI1KiE70c
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC A number of other gender-‘independent’ factors contribute to the regulation of adult muscle mass, including genetics, race, adiposity, training, diet, and birth order.
https://t.co/qlYh39uwUl
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC For example, data from twin studies suggests up to 50% to 60% of the difference in muscle mass and strength may be due to genetic factors without clear gender influences.

https://t.co/OxpjyGRX5R
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Said differently, the amount of muscle mass and strength displayed by an individual may be influenced by ‘non-sex’ genetics to a level that rivals or exceeds the influence of gender.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Muscular power can be defined as high-velocity force production. As described above, men tend to be taller, heavier, and carry more muscle and less body fat than women. Despite men having more muscle mass however,..
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC there does not appear to be any difference in average muscle fiber type composition (e.g. Type I- and Type II fibers) between genders.

https://t.co/0qhYEqrhiB
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Type I muscle fibers are classically referred to as “slow-twitch” muscle fibers and tend to produce low amounts of force for long periods of time, e.g. they are very fatigue resistant. In contrast,..
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Type II muscle fibers, or “fast-twitch” muscle fibers, tend to produce high levels of force for short periods of time and are tend to fatigue quickly.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Interestingly, muscle fiber type composition seems to be more strongly correlated with training history and athlete caliber than gender.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC For example, women who compete in Olympic weightlifting at the World or Olympic level were found to have 71% fast-twitch type IIa fibers compared to the 63% seen in men competing at the National level.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC While absolute power output appears to be greater in men in general, when we normalize existing power data for fat-free mass and...
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC fat-free cross-sectional area (approximating the amount of skeletal muscle mass) there are few, if any, gender-specific differences in power.

https://t.co/QpnFskuaQf
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC For example, Slawinski et al. looked at peak acceleration after 1 second in 100 world-class sprinters (50 women and 50 men). After normalizing for body mass, men and women had approximately the same peak acceleration power.
https://t.co/qPYPQ0RDaj
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Additional evidence from researchers in Spain provides insight here: 155 college-aged,  untrained individuals (123 men and 32 women)tested their anaerobic power output using a Wingate cycling test,..
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC ..which showed no differences between men and women when normalized for fat-free mass.
https://t.co/U2HlVL3nTp
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Athletes caught up in the IAAF/IOC policy on hyperandrogenism were required in order to partake in sport  to undergo surgical and/or hormonal interventions unrelated to their health status.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC These procedures have been called into question as invasively counterproductive to the wellbeing of those women.

https://t.co/2PaxipfIte
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC It might be presumed that, by comparison, trans female athletes have no similar health concerns with their overarching requirement is to keep serum testosterone levels below 10 nmol/L, and they must submit to hormone tests as evidence of that.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC However, a ten-year struggle by (now-retired) Canadian cyclist Kristen Worley suggests this may not be a simple journey. The intricacies of her story have been deftly summarised by Andy Brown 
https://t.co/EOH5dSHrxI
and 
Pierre-Jean Vazel.

https://t.co/9rjHAMoRqc
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC In essence, Worley underwent gender reassignment via surgery in 2001 and attempted to re-enter the world of sport. 
But when she applied for a (TUE) for testosterone (which is a vital hormone for women, as well as men), approval took ten months instead of days or weeks.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC This put Worley into a “severe post-menopausal state”. It not only impacted on her health, but it prevented her from training as an elite cyclist.
https://t.co/EOH5dSHrxI
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Ultimately, when Worley was permitted a TUE under the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code, the allowable: levels of synthetic testosterone were not enough to support her basic health let alone compete in sport at any level.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Fairness in sport, particularly on the issue of gender, has been a point of confusion and contention for as long as governing bodies have been making the rules for athletic contests.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Increasing awareness and visibility of individuals who do not neatly fall into men’s or women’s divisions have exacerbated these concerns.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Particular scrutiny has been applied to those who wish to compete as women the men’s divisions have been spared this level of examination and controversy.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC There has never been a “golden age” when this was simple. In the past, women were simply excluded from sport. 

 We do not, nor have we ever, had an agreed-upon definition of what defines a man or a woman that can be applied to all humans.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC There is no specific biological characteristic, nor set of characteristics, including genital structures, reproductive organs, or chromosomal arrangement, that can adequately answer this question.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC While most humans can be comfortably grouped into either the men’s or women’s divisions, there are others that cannot.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Given that participation in sport is a widely shared and enjoyable undertaking with multiple biological, psychological, and social benefits, finding ways to maximize inclusion while preserving fairness is challenging.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Alas, there are no clear answers. Lacking a consistent way to define men and women hamstrings the proceedings from the outset. When examining the performance differences between men’s and women’s divisions, confounders in the data abound.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Teasing out the physiological and psychosocial components of the differences we observe is not yet possible.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Even the role of testosterone, which is one of the mostly widely utilized performance enhancing drugs and thought to be the primary arbiter of the gender gap in sports, becomes less clear when looking at the research.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC A scientific consensus does not yet exist regarding the differences between genders, let alone how to define those genders.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Because of this uncertainty, rules and policies that encourage inclusion of transgender athletes represent the best balance among the imperfect choices available.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Specifically, allowing male-to-female transgender athletes to compete in the division of their choice within sport should be not be considered prima facie disadvantageous to other women competitors.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC This situation could potentially change or be clarified with further research and we would adjust our recommendations if such findings became available. For now, allowing transgender athletes to compete in their chosen division is prudent.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC Even after receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy, women and girls who are transgender have “an absolute advantage” over non-transgender girls. This assertion is based on speculation and inferences that have not been borne out by any evidence.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC First, these arguments overlook the population of transgender girls and women who, as a result of puberty blockers at the start of puberty and gender affirming hormone therapy afterward, never go through a typical male puberty at all.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC These girls never experience the effects of high levels of testosterone and accompanying physiological changes. They go through puberty with the same levels of hormones as other girls and develop typically female physiological characteristics, including muscle and bone structure.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC A trans woman who has not gone through a typical male puberty is similarly situated to a woman with XY chromosomes who has complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, & it has long-been recognized that women with CAIS have no advantage simply by virtue of having XY chromosomes.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC See, Handelsman DJ, et al. Circulating testosterone as the hormonal basis of sex differences in athletic performance. Endocrine Reviews 2018; summarizing evidence rejecting hypothesis that physiological characteristics are driven by Y chromosome).
https://t.co/bOPXZcmGaS
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @worldrugby suggests that “benefits that natural testosterone provides to male athletes is not diminished through the use of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones. This is not true.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby Puberty blocking treatment completely blocks the production of testosterone and someone who has undergone both puberty blocking treatment and then gender affirming hormone therapy to initiate puberty consistent with gender identity would have none of the impacts of testosterone
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby on the body that would be typical for a non- transgender male.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby It is also not true that gender-affirming therapy – even for those who have not undergone puberty blocking treatment – does nothing to minimize the impact of T on the body. In fact, consistent use of testosterone blockers and estrogen has a significant impact on the body.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby Those that advocate against trans athletes argue that Men generally have ‘denser, stronger bones, tendons, and ligaments’ and ‘larger hearts, greater lung volume per body mass, a higher red blood cell count, and higher hemoglobin” and suggest that such characteristics lead ...
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby to athletic advantage and cannot be altered by sustained gender-affirming hormone therapy.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby However, the noted higher red blood cell count and higher hemoglobin are both testosterone dependent. They are both reduced as part of sustained gender-affirming hormone therapy.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby And there is currently no evidence that the remaining noted physiological characteristics actually are advantages when not accompanied by high levels of testosterone and corresponding skeletal muscle.
https://t.co/7DlaFvjSSf
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby The only study examining the effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on the athletic performance of transgender female athletes is a small study of eight long-distance runners.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby The study showed that after undergoing gender- affirming interventions, which included lowering their testosterone levels, the athletes’ performance had reduced so that relative to non-transgender women their performance was now proportionally the same as it had ...
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby been relative to non- transgender men prior to any medical treatment. 
as the best performer among women of that age after transition. See Harper J. Race times for transgender athletes. 
https://t.co/YbxZMslW2R
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby In fact, it may be that some of the body changes from endogenous puberty result in poorer net performance for transgender women relative to cisgender women.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby For example, the fact that transgender women who go through typically male puberty will tend to have larger bones than non-transgender women may actually be a disadvantage.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby Having larger bones without corresponding levels of testosterone and muscle mass would mean that a runner has a bigger body to propel with less power to propel it.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby Similarly, in a sport where athletes compete in different weight classes (e.g. weight lifting), the fact that a transgender woman may have bigger bones may be a disadvantage because her ratio of muscle-to-bone will be much lower ....
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby than the ratio for other women in her weight class who have smaller bones.
Even if it could be demonstrated that larger bones or lungs can slightly enhance the athletic performance of TW even after they lower their level of T, that finding would have to be placed in context.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby Larger lungs and hearts generally correlate to a person’s size, so there are significant intra-sex variations of heart and lung size even among women who are not transgender.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby There are also myriad genetic variations among athletes that can enhance athletic performance. In the academic literature these are referred to as ....
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby performance enhancing polymorphisms” or “PEPs.” A PEP is a variation in the DNA sequence that is associated with improved athletic performance.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby For example, variations in mitrochondrial DNA have been associated with greater endurance capacity and greater mitochondrial density in muscles. Other PEPs are associated with blood flow or muscle structure.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby See Ostrander EA, et al. Genetics of athletic performance. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2009; 
https://t.co/LHvWYGk5J5
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby These variations have proven to have a significant impact on athletic ability, unlike bone or lung size in transgender women.
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby After a transgender woman lowers her level of testosterone, there is no inherent reason why her physiological characteristics related to athletic performance should be treated differently from the physiological characteristics of a non-transgender woman.
https://t.co/fMTheOU4bY
@LaurenMurphyMMA @_Miatonin @AOC @WorldRugby @threadreaderapp please unroll

More from Kirsti Miller

Kirsti Miller
Kirsti Miller
@KirstiMiller30
”No child should ever be forced to live a life that is not theirs, I did and it nearly killed me many times.”


It appears that every time an under-age Transgender person attempts to access medical care to make their lives better conservative people try to say they’re not ready for it.


As an older transgender woman who waited until I my mid 30’s due to those same prevailing attitudes, I feel it’s sad right-wing people are still trotting out those same tired old lines.

According to them, we’re too young to know our gender pre-pubescent and when we start undergoing a puberty which doesn’t align with our gender identity apparently we’re still far too young to access puberty blockers to make the masculinisation process go away.

These people only want us to access medical care after the age of 18 and that’s when it’s far too late for many Trans women, as the whole masculinisation process [which we didn’t want in the first place] has already happened.
TRANSGENDER
Kirsti Miller
Kirsti Miller
@KirstiMiller30
Initial methods used to verify the gender of female athletes involved physical inspection of the athlete’s external genitalia.
1-


To spare athletes such embarrass- ment, from the outset Olympic officials relied on the technology of medical genetics for an alternative, less invasive solution.
2-

After successful trialling of the protocol at the 1968 Winter Olympics held in Grenoble, France, all female athletes participating in the Mexico City Summer Games later that year were tested by histological (micro- scopic) inspection for the presence of a Barr body...
3-

in cells scraped from the buccal (cheek) mucosa. Although such laboratory based testing held certain advantages, there were also acknowledged limitations to the methodology.
4-

Beginning with the 1992 Albertville Winter Olympics, in an effort to further improve on the sensitivity and specificity of testing, gender verification was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) determination of the absence or presence of DNA sequences.....
5-
GENDER
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Kirsti Miller
Kirsti Miller
@KirstiMiller30
I jumped in my time-machine & landed in the middle of the 2035 World Athletics Championships in Paris.

It was 800 metres finals day, but to my surprise, there were 5 races scheduled, not two.
1-

On inquiring, I learnt there had been a shake-up: the "men's" and "women's" classifications were no more; instead the classification system changed to one that was based on functional ability.
2-

Rather than labelling athletes as male or female , they were placed in a racing category based on the movements their body can perform, related to the sport they compete in.

3-

Finding the balance between sex, gender, human rights,  & the sciences and fairness in sport is without a doubt sports greatest challenge.

4-

There are many factors that significantly affect the competitive edge in sport such as nutrition, age, height, weight, coaching & training facilities, & other genetic and biological variations like oxygen-carrying capacity.
5-
SOCIETY
Kirsti Miller
Kirsti Miller
@KirstiMiller30
Would having the testosterone limit for transgender women at 10nmol/L (5-10 times what’s considered “typical” for women) give them a massive advantage over their cisgender opponents?


Absolutely not, is recognized an XY chromosome body is seen as unhealthy <12nmol/L or less. A XY female as they lose the ability to produce natural occurring testosterone, falls into a range of 0.4nmol/L.

Which we know too, the individual falls into menopause at 9.6nmol/L, and due to complete androgen deprivation eventually into the position of that would equate a XX female = who had had a complete hysterectomy including her gonads.

We can be assured, one this is extremely unhealthy – Moreover, and most important, we can be assured that there are no women either XX and or XY competing internationally like this.

This is not for anyone a desired state and for the participation high performance sport eventually impossible to participate longterm.
SOCIETY
Kirsti Miller
Kirsti Miller
@KirstiMiller30
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in Australia, suffer grossly disproportionate rates of disadvantage against all measures of socio-economic status.
1-


State, territory & federal governments have introduced programs, & continue to seek to identify further methods, for redressing this disadvantage.
2-

A plethora of government programs have proven to be inadequate when considered against the requirement to raise Indigenous People to a position of equality in Australian society.
3-

The final report card for the 2008-2020 Closing-The-Gap-Program found the program only partially met 2 of the 7 outcome. 12 years on Aboriginal People still have a life expectancy a full decade less than white

Sadly there is little understanding within Australian society of the requirement to and legitimacy of adopting special measures.
5-
ECONOMY

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David Neiwert
David Neiwert
@DavidNeiwert
1) “Eliminationism” is a term you need not just to become familiar with, especially in today’s American rush toward authoritarianism. This will be a long, illustrated thread explaining what it means, how it works, and why Donald Trump is now our Eliminationist in Chief.


Warning: Some images contain violence and are disturbing.

Also warning: This thread is ridiculously long. 75 tweets is insane. I apologize. But this stuff is important. I hope you find it compelling anyway. If not, I understand.

2) So, what exactly do we mean by “eliminationism”? Here’s the academic definition:


3) It was largely coined by Holocaust scholar Daniel Jonah Goldhagen in his 1996 book Hitler’s Willing Executioners, about the role ordinary Germans played in the Holocaust, which he described as fueled by “eliminationist antisemitism.”


4) The book describes how in reality the largest numbers of Jews and other victims killed by Nazi directive were rounded up and gunned down or immolated en masse and buried in mass graves by ordinary Germans and non-Jewish residents of German-occupied territories.
SOCIETY
Kate Julian
Kate Julian
@katejulian
1/ Something strange is happening with people’s sex lives. 20-somethings are having sex later and less frequently than previous generations. I spent several months digging into this for @theatlantic. https://t.co/5ehzmWY9wi


2/ This phenomenon—I’m calling it a Sex Recession—really surprised me. It seemed improbable in the age of Tinder, digital porn, and attitudes that are generally permissive and sex-positive.

3/ What’s happening isn’t exclusively American: Similar trends are being observed in other countries, including Japan, Australia, the U.K., Finland, and the Netherlands.


4/ One cause is obvious: Adults under 35 are less likely to be living with a partner than in recent decades, and more likely to be living with their parents—which, it’s safe to say, isn’t great for one’s sex life.

5/ But I also found other explanations, each with profound implications. The first, unsurprisingly, has to do with internet enticements. Netflix and other online entertainment may be substituting for sex.
SOCIETY
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Eileen May
Eileen May
@suleskerry
Joanna Cherry:"Alex Salmond secured a concession that nothing in Scotland Act would preclude the people of Scotland from subsequently choosing an independent future. This is recorded in Hansard during second reading of Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Bill, May 21, 1997."

Donald Dewar said: “I should be the last to challenge the sovereignty of the people, or deny them the right to opt for any solution to the constitutional question they wished. For example, if they want to go for independence, I see no reason why they should not do so." JC

"In same debate Alex Salmond went on to emphasise that “… the Claim of Right referred to sovereign right of the Scottish people to determine a form of Govt best suited to their needs. It did not suggest sovereignty resides with English Members of Parliament." Joanna Cherry

Joanna Cherry: "Donald Dewar articulated the democratic norm later enshrined in the Edinburgh Agreement. His concession laid the foundation for the 2014 referendum in recognising the rights of Scots to choose whether to remain part of our voluntary union with England."

"I am wholly in agreement with view that we must find a legal & constitutional way to demonstrate that public opinion in Scotland has changed since 2014 referendum, in order for our independence to be internationally recognised & therefore meaningful." Joanna Cherry
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Celeste Williams
Celeste Williams
@CelesteforAR
As a mom of 4 I have spent a significant amount of my time discussing the virtues of truth telling and the consequences of telling a lie, at this moment one of the kids is writing me an essay on using self-control to ensure her words are true.

On Monday @TuckerCarlson said, “The Green New Deal has come, believe it or not, to the state of Texas. How’s it working out so far?”

First GND is a resolution, second it hasn’t even been past, 3rd, we’re talking about TX. This is objectively false.

He went on to say, “Not a single major American city is prettier or more functional than it was in 1950. The parks that previous generations so lovingly built are filled with vagrants and junkies."

"The monuments they constructed are covered with spray paint. Public transportation is a disgrace. It’s filthy, the streets are dangerous. Are you really surprised that Cory Booker was once the mayor of Newark, New Jersey? You shouldn’t be.”

Wow, that’s a lot to unpack and has little to do with the lack of power in TX. For myself I believe the best is yet to come. I see the dog whistles there, and it’s an excellent example of racist demagoguery and a sure path towards the destruction of our democracy.
SOCIETY
Rob Ford
Rob Ford
@robfordmancs
Two things can be true at once:
1. There is an issue with hostility some academics have faced on some issues
2. Another academic who himself uses threats of legal action to bully colleagues into silence is not a good faith champion of the free speech cause


I have kept quiet about Matthew's recent outpourings on here but as my estwhile co-author has now seen fit to portray me as an enabler of oppression I think I have a right to reply. So I will.

I consider Matthew to be a colleague and a friend, and we had a longstanding agreement not to engage in disputes on twitter. I disagree with much in the article @UOzkirimli wrote on his research in @openDemocracy but I strongly support his right to express such critical views

I therefore find it outrageous that Matthew saw fit to bully @openDemocracy with legal threats, seeking it seems to stifle criticism of his own work. Such behaviour is simply wrong, and completely inconsistent with an academic commitment to free speech.

I am not embroiling myself in the various other cases Matt lists because, unlike him, I think attention to the detail matters and I don't have time to research each of these cases in detail.
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Sometimes, you get an occasional piece that truly leaves you better off than you were before. That doesn't make you want to skim.

An original case study. A first time interview with a founder. An honest account of an experiment. An explanation of a change, shift, or realization.
LIFE