2020 is finally at an end, so it looks like it’s time once again to review the year in non-mammalian synapsid research!

You can tell 2020 was the worst because I didn’t describe a single new synapsid species this year. In part, that’s due to spending most of my energy on larger-scale synthetic projects, but I had a few new taxa that were supposed to come out and got delayed by #2020 stuff...
Thankfully my colleagues in the synapsid research community have not been so idle, naming 13 new species this year. The vast majority (9) were cynodonts, there were also 2 pelycosaurs, 1 dicynodont, and 1 therocephalian.
For new pelycosaurs the highlight was definitely the long-awaited description by Berman et al. of Martensius, the Bromacker caseid, a plesiomorphic early member of the group known from beautiful material: https://t.co/GUJRKvtNwc
No new biarmosuchians or dinocephalians (though watch out next year…), but there was one new dicynodont: a basal dicynodontoid, Taoheodon, part of an increasingly diverse upper Permian fauna from China: https://t.co/lpq2ElPADw
The new therocephalian, Caodeyao, is also from the late Permian of China, and is an unusual short-skulled form perhaps related to the enigmatic Russian Purlovia: https://t.co/DCc8lOUvqF
2020 was a very good year for African cynodont discoveries outside the Main Karoo Basin, with new taxa known from complete crania described from Namibia (Chiniquodon omaruruensis & Etjoia dentitransitus) and Zambia (Nshimbodon muchingaensis): https://t.co/7PjJFFLhBe
Other interesting new cynodonts were described from Brazil, India, and Poland, but the most surprising had to be the discovery of a cynodont (Kataigidodon) in the Chinle Fm. of Arizona, USA, an area where cynodont presence was long thought legendary: https://t.co/EsCNYFrdQQ
Moving beyond single specimens, the incredibly rich fossil record of Permo-Triassic synapsids has increasingly been leveraged for destructive sampling. Whitney & Sidor provided the first evidence for torpor in Antarctic Lystrosaurus based on tusk sections: https://t.co/1kmQDPf5Y3
Whitney et al. also demonstrated that gorgonopsians beat dinosaurs by tens of millions of years in originating one of the most specialized types of blade-like (ziphodont) teeth: https://t.co/zrDn19b9OI
Stable isotope analysis of dicynodont teeth by Rey et al. provided evidence for reliance on aquatic environments in the ecologically-enigmatic Endothiodon, with implications for its unusual distribution pattern: https://t.co/mXMPOKWpel
Macungo et al. also studied Endothiodon, describing extensive new material from what is proving to be an extremely interesting novel set of localities in Mozambique: https://t.co/HGYaKtHM2q
Jones et al. examined axial regionalization along the mammalian stem, the latest major output of from an extensive multi-year investigation into synapsid vertebral evolution: https://t.co/kE4K4qJyrn
Kümmel et al. reviewed synapsid wrist structure in exhaustive detail, rewriting the origin of the mammalian lunate bone: https://t.co/U1UqrGvl2k
With imaging labs largely shut down due to the pandemic, there was a distinct dip in CT-assisted detailed anatomical descriptions this year, but Pusch et al. did provide new info on the large predatory therocephalian Lycosuchus: https://t.co/5QH6ON3KCU
And Kerber et al. provided endocranial data from a new specimen of the extremely mammal-like Late Triassic Brazilian cynodont Prozostrodon: https://t.co/ntNtqfp26T
(There was also some biogeographic stuff published which we won’t discuss further and should probably be promptly forgotten.)
All in all, though, lots of solid, well-researched stuff, and particularly great to see so many papers coming from early-career researchers (indications that the future of synapsid research is bright…at least if we live in a society where these folks can get jobs…)
Hoping for tons more amazing discoveries in 2021, and to actually be able to hold a synapsid fossil in my hand once more! Lots of field/lab/collections time lost this past year, and though that’s all minor compared to human life, it sure would be nice to dig up some bones again…
Who knows, maybe I can make it back to the Karoo before next year is up, and get some good use out of the recent total overhaul of Permo-Triassic stratigraphy there (https://t.co/9eqbnkoaoR). Here's hoping!

More from Science

Hugh Everett's birthday! Pioneer of the Many-Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics. Let us celebrate by thinking about ontological extravagance. I will do so by way of analogy, because I have found that everyone loves analogies and nobody ever willfully misconstrues them.


We look at the night sky and see photons arriving to us, emitted by distant stars. Let's contrast two different theories about how stars emit photons.

One theory says, we know how stars shine, and our equations predict that they emit photons roughly uniformly in all directions. Call this the "Many-Photons Interpretation" (MPI).

But! Others object. That is *so many photons*. Most of which we don't observe, and can't observe, since they're moving away at the speed of light. It's too ontologically extravagant to posit a huge number of unobservable things!

So they suggest a "Photon Collapse Interpretation." According to this theory, the photons emitted toward us actually exist. But photons that would be emitted in directions we will never observe simply collapse into utter non-existence.
So it turns out that an organization I thought was doing good work, the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (associated with Center for Inquiry, James Randi, and Martin Gardner) was actually caping for pedophiles. Uhhhh oops?


Since this, bizarrely, turned out to be one of my longest videos ever (??) here's a quick thread to sum it up for those of you like myself with short attention spans. 1/10

In the '90s the False Memory Syndrome Foundation was founded to call attention to the problem of adults suddenly "remembering" child abuse that never actually happened, often under hypnosis. Skeptics like James Randi & Martin Gardner joined their board. 2/10

A new article reveals that the FMSF was founded by parents who had been credibly and PRIVATELY accused of molestation by their now-adult daughter. They publicized the accusation, destroyed the daughter's reputation, and started the foundation. 3/10

The FMSF assumed any accused pedo who joined was innocent, saying "We are a good-looking bunch of people, graying hair, well dressed, healthy, smiling; just about every person who has attended is someone you would surely find interesting and want to count as a friend" 😬 4/10

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