(1/n) The important role of natural killer (NK) cells in COVID-19.
A summary of key insights:
- NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes & part of the innate immune system
- They play an important role in virus infection control & immunomodulation

(2/n)
- The NK cell proliferation ability declines with age: older people have a decreased ability to produce NC cells rapidly: https://t.co/VZ9PSW5OBU
(3/n)
- As early as June 2020, it was hypothesised that NCCs could be key in explaining severe COVID-19 courses: https://t.co/yJPXeXcku0
(4/n)
- Indeed, it was later found that NK cells from COVID-19 patients do not function well:https://t.co/aEK9KpaA45
(5/n)
- The activity of NK cells is downregulated by the cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)
- Blood serum of patients with severe COVID-19 inhibits NK cell function in a TGFβ-dependent manner: https://t.co/aEK9KpaA45
(6/n)
- An untimely early production of TGFβ and associated NK cell dysfunction is a hallmark of severe COVID-19
- The inhibition of untimely TGFβ production & the promotion of NK cell function may positively affect SARS-CoV-2 control on multiple levels: https://t.co/zjeCnASWhx
(7/n)
- A lower NK cell count in COVID-19 patients has been shown to be correlated with a lower survival rate:https://t.co/EUQkL76GhW
(8/n)
- NK cell dysregulation as a key factor in COVID-19 was also highlighted 1.5 years ago: https://t.co/Dg0KmYT2iS
- “Restoration of NK cell effector functions has the potential to correct the delicate immune balance required to effectively overcome SARS-CoV-2 infection.”
(9/n)
- Vitamin D (our old friend!) also plays a role for the NK cells. Vitamin D deficiency correlates with a reduced number of NK cells in COVID-19 patients: https://t.co/YNrvKIrlgj
(10/n)
- While early NK cell stimulation & IFN-γ production is beneficial to combat infections, excessive & prolonged stimulation of NK cells leads to reduced NK cell numbers & an exhausted phenotype associated with increased systemic inflammation:
https://t.co/vPpfKbntne
(11/n) Phase 1 ⤑ Phase 2
(12/n)
- The vitamins A, B, C, D and E influence NK cell activity:
https://t.co/37ucftVsXp
(13/n) Also phytochemicals haven an effect on NK cell activity:
https://t.co/37ucftVsXp
(14/n) To summarize:
- NK cells play an important role in COVID-19 disease severity and outcomes
- Age, vitamin deficiencies, etc. negatively affect the functioning of NK cells
- Therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 should include support of NK cell function

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I just finished Eric Adler's The Battle of the Classics, and wanted to say something about Joel Christiansen's review linked below. I am not sure what motivates the review (I speculate a bit below), but it gives a very misleading impression of the book. 1/x


The meat of the criticism is that the history Adler gives is insufficiently critical. Adler describes a few figures who had a great influence on how the modern US university was formed. It's certainly critical: it focuses on the social Darwinism of these figures. 2/x

Other insinuations and suggestions in the review seem wildly off the mark, distorted, or inappropriate-- for example, that the book is clickbaity (it is scholarly) or conservative (hardly) or connected to the events at the Capitol (give me a break). 3/x

The core question: in what sense is classics inherently racist? Classics is old. On Adler's account, it begins in ancient Rome and is revived in the Renaissance. Slavery (Christiansen's primary concern) is also very old. Let's say classics is an education for slaveowners. 4/x

It's worth remembering that literacy itself is elite throughout most of this history. Literacy is, then, also the education of slaveowners. We can honor oral and musical traditions without denying that literacy is, generally, good. 5/x