ЁЯз╡ NEW: How fair is Britain?

Wealthy families are surprisingly good at hanging onto their riches from generation to generation.

Our bank of mum and dad - one of the most generous in Europe - is making things worse... https://t.co/8PVzDjDw7y" target="_blank">@thetimes

https://t.co/8PVzDjDw7y

A few years ago, researchers @NJCummins @GregoryClarkUCD tracked how the descendants of rich people who died between 1858-1887 got on.

Britain has since gotten more equal. But 5 generations later, those families who were rich in Victorian Britain were still rich in the 2000s!
It's therefore not surprising that the link between your parents' income and yours is strong in Britain, at least compared with other countries

In the Nordic countries, where wealth is distributed more evenly, it's harder to predict what you'll earn by looking at your parents
British families have always been good at passing down wealth.

But today, it matters more, even if millennials won't inherit until they're 61.

Young people are much less wealthy than their parents were at the same age..
How did this happen? Three things stand out..

ЁЯТ░ Final salary pension schemes - many of which are now closed - allowed baby boomers to accumulate huge sums of wealth

ЁЯУИ Stock market performance since the 1980s
ЁЯПб The third is property. Baby boomers bought much earlier than Millennials did.

This meant they were able to benefit from house price growth for longerтАж
тАж and there was *a lot* of house price growth since baby boomers have bought their homes.

British homes have soared in price more than any other G7 nation, thanks partly to tight planning rules
For property purchases in Greater London, the average first-time buyer deposit is now a whopping ┬г125,000

Most people who do buy in the capital, therefore, are turning to their wealthier parents...
The bank of Mum and Dad lends
┬г7.4bn a year to property purchases, making it the tenth-largest lender in Britain.

In fact, we are very unusual in our gift-giving: 20% of ЁЯЗмЁЯЗз under-35s have received a substantial gift, vs 2% of those in ЁЯЗ║ЁЯЗ╕
The trouble is, this isn't really evening out inter-generational inequality.

Research from @ThelFS shows that people on higher incomes are much more likely to receive cash from their family
Actually, as Lord Willets @resfoundation says, inheritance is much more egalitarian than gift giving, namely because home ownership is so high among pensionersтАж

More on what this means in tomorrow's Sunday Times

https://t.co/8PVzDjDw7y

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IтАЩm torn on how to approach the idea of luck. IтАЩm the first to admit that I am one of the luckiest people on the planet. To be born into a prosperous American family in 1960 with smart parents is to start life on third base. The odds against my very existence are astronomical.


IтАЩve always felt that the luckiest people I know had a talent for recognizing circumstances, not of their own making, that were conducive to a favorable outcome and their ability to quickly take advantage of them.

In other words, dumb luck was just that, it required no awareness on the personтАЩs part, whereas тАЬsmartтАЭ luck involved awareness followed by action before the circumstances changed.

So, was I тАЬluckyтАЭ to be born when I wasтАФnothing I had any control overтАФand that I came of age just as huge databases and computers were advancing to the point where I could use those tools to write тАЬWhat Works on Wall Street?тАЭ Absolutely.

Was I lucky to start my stock market investments near the peak of interest rates which allowed me to spend the majority of my adult life in a falling rate environment? Yup.
рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдХреМрди рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирддрд╛редрд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рдкрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛рддрд░ рдкрд╛рддреНрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рди рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рдореЗрдВ рдлрдВрд╕реЗ рдереЗредрдЕрдЧрд░ рдпреЗ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рди рд╣реЛрддреЗ рддреЛ рдХрджрд╛рдЪрд┐рдд рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдХреБрдЫ рдФрд░ рд╣реЛрддреАредрд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреБ рдкреМрд░рд╛рдгрд┐рдХ рдЧреНрд░рдВрдереЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдкреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд░реНрдгрди рдорд┐рд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд╡ рд╣рд░ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рдХреЗ рдкреАрдЫреЗ рдХреЛрдИ рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред


рдЖрдЗрдП рдЖрдЬ рдЬрд╛рдирддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрдерд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд░реНрдгрд┐рдд рдХреБрдЫ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдкреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВред

1) рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбреБ рдХреЛ рдЛрд╖рд┐ рдХрд┐рдиреНрджрдо рдХрд╛ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк

рдПрдХрдмрд╛рд░ рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬ рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбреБ рд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдЦреЗрд▓рдиреЗ рд╡рди рдЧрдПредрдЭрд╛рдбрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреАрдЫреЗ рдХреБрдЫ рд╣рд┐рд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рдореГрдЧ рд╣реИ рд╕реЛрдЪрдХрд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдиреЗ рдмрд╛рдг рдЪрд▓рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬреЛ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рдЛрд╖рд┐ рдХрд┐рдиреНрджрдо рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХреА рдкрддреНрдиреА рдХреЛ рд▓рдЧрд╛редрд╡реЗ рджреЛрдиреЛ рд░рддрд┐-рдХреНрд░реАрдбрд╝рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдкреНрдд рдереЗред

рдЬрдм рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдиреЗ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ рддреЛ рдмрд╣реБрдд рджреБрдЦреА рд╣реБрдП рдХрд┐ рдпреЗ рдореБрдЭрд╕реЗ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдкрд╛рдк рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛редрдмрд╣реБрдд рдХреНрд╖рдорд╛ рдпрд╛рдЪрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рднреА рдХрд┐рдиреНрджрдо рдЛрд╖рд┐ рдиреЗ рдкрд╛рдгреНрдбреБ рдХреЛ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рджреЗ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЬрдм рднреА рд╡реЛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╕реНрддреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рдХрд╛рдо рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрдкрд░реНрд╢ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдЙрд╕реА рдХреНрд╖рдг рдЙрдирдХреА рдореГрддреНрдпреБ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧреАредрдкрд╢реНрдЪрд╛рддрд╛рдк рдХрд░рдиреЗ, рд╡реЗ рд╕рд┐рдВрд╣рд╛рд╕рди рдкреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдзреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдзреГрддрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░ рдХреЛ рдмреИрдард╛рдХрд░...


..рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рд░рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреБрдВрддреА рд╡ рдорд╛рджреНрд░реА рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╡рди рдЪрд▓реЗ рдЧрдПредрдкрд╛рдВрдбрд╡реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЬрдиреНрдо рднреА рдХреБрдВрддреА рдХреЛ рдЛрд╖рд┐ рджреБрд░реНрд╡рд╛рд╕рд╛ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдордВрддреНрд░ рд╕реЗ рд╣реБрдЖ рдерд╛ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рджреЗрд╡ рдХрд╛ рд╕реНрдорд░рдг рдХрд░ рдЙрд╕ рджреЗрд╡ рд╕реЗ рдХреБрдВрддреА,рдкреБрддреНрд░ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреА рдереАредрдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рдорд╛рджреНрд░реА рдкреЗ рдореЛрд╣рд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЬрдм рдкрд╛рдВрдбреБ рдиреЗ рдЙрд╕реЗ рд╕реНрдкрд░реНрд╢ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛,рдЙрд╕реА рдХреНрд╖рдг рдкрд╛рдВрдбреБ рдХреА рдореГрддреНрдпреБ рд╣реЛрдЧрдпреАред


2) рдЙрд░реНрд╡рд╢реА рдХрд╛ рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди рдХреЛ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк

рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдпреБрджреНрдз рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдЬрдм рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди рджрд┐рд╡реНрдпрд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд░реНрдЧ рдЧрдП рддреЛ рд╡рд╣рд╛рдВ рдЙрд░реНрд╡рд╢реА рдирд╛рдо рдХреА рдЕрдкреНрд╕рд░рд╛ рдЙрди рдкрд░ рдореЛрд╣рд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпреАред рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди рдиреЗ рдЬрдм рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдорд╛рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рдорд╛рди рдмрддрд╛рдпрд╛ рддреЛ рдпрд╣ рд╕реБрдирдХрд░ рдЙрд░реНрд╡рд╢реА рдХреНрд░реЛрдзрд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпреА рдФрд░ рдЕрд░реНрдЬреБрди рдХреЛ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рдк рджреЗ рдбрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдХрд┐ рддреБрдо рдирдкреБрдВрд╕рдХ рдХреА рднрд╛рдВрддрд┐...