One thing being missed in the reporting of the Laurel Hubbard story is a glaring anomaly in the current IOC regulations governing the participation of transgender athletes in Olympic event, on which this graph clearly illustrates.

The graph shows population distributions... /1

...for circulating testosterone levels for normal healthy females, females with PCOS and/or hyperandrogenism, and for normal healthy males, all based on current IAAF reference ranges.

I've also added the following two lines:

1) The 'Semenya Line' shows the level below... /2
...which both transgender and 46XY athletes are required to reduce their testosterone level for at least 12 months prior to them being permitted to compete in specific track events under IAAF rules.

This is the rule that will prevent Caster Semenya defending her 800m title... /3
...in the upcoming Tokyo games.

2) The 'Hubbard Line' show the level below which Laurel Hubbard is required to reduce her testosterone level for 12 months, under IOC rules, in order to compete in Tokyo.

As the graph makes clear, not only are the two sets of regulations... /4
...out of sync but the IOC regulations, which govern Hubbard's participation in Olympic weightlifting, would allow her to compete while maintaining a testosterone level that is still WITHIN the lower end of the normal range for a healthy male.

Regardless of what you think... /5
...Hubbard's participation in the upcoming Olympics, it's clear that regulations, generally, are in a bit of a mess here. /end
Correction to third tweet in thread.

"46XY athletes" should be "46XY DSD athletes.

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https://t.co/6cRR2B3jBE
Viruses and other pathogens are often studied as stand-alone entities, despite that, in nature, they mostly live in multispecies associations called biofilms—both externally and within the host.

https://t.co/FBfXhUrH5d


Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed by an extracellular matrix that confers protection and improves survival. Previous studies have shown that viruses can secondarily colonize preexisting biofilms, and viral biofilms have also been described.


...we raise the perspective that CoVs can persistently infect bats due to their association with biofilm structures. This phenomenon potentially provides an optimal environment for nonpathogenic & well-adapted viruses to interact with the host, as well as for viral recombination.


Biofilms can also enhance virion viability in extracellular environments, such as on fomites and in aquatic sediments, allowing viral persistence and dissemination.

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