IS THE GREEK HERCULES, INDIAN BALRAMA:The Symbolical and Historical context.

Around 305 BC, the Greek explorer Megasthenes arrived at the court of Indian Emperor Chandragupt Maurya at Pataliputra(present Patna).He came as an ambassador of Seleucus Nicator of Seleucid Dynasty.

During his stay in India, Megasthenes compiled a book Indica on the Geography, social traditions &religious customs of India.There were some very important observations made by him in this book.He wrote,"Hercules penetrated so far,Indians tell us, was a native of their country..

..He is particularly worshipped by the Suraseni(Shurasena), who have 2 great cities, Methora(Mathura) & Cleisoborus(Surapura) & the navigable river Jobares(Yamuna), passes through their territories".
Some scholars mentioned that Hercules mentioned by him is indeed Lord Krishna.

The parallels r quite remarkable.Krishna was born in Mathura at banks of Yamuna &he also belonged to Shurasena tribe of Yadu dynasty. But he was dark skinned & Balrama was fair skinned. Therefore, Megasthenes' description of Indian Hercules is strongly suggestive of Balrama.

In Indian tradition, Balrama is credited with wrestling &unarmed warfare. Like Hercules, Balrama is also depicted holding a club or a mace. Hercules used lion skin as his armour &Balrama also is sometimes shown with tiger's skin wrapped around his shoulders.

SARASWATI is an ancient river that used to flow in the ancient Vedic Era, although the river does not have any existence today. The Triveni Sangam in Allahabad is a confluence of the three rivers ie Ganga, Jamuna and Saraswati.

Of these three rivers the Legendary Saraswati river is invisible which is believed to flow underground and join the other two rivers from below and the point of confluence is a sacred place for Hindus called Triveni Sangam.

Rig-Veda mentions a mighty, snow-fed river Saraswati on whose banks the literature was supposed to be derived.
Was this then a description of the Paleo Ghaggar,making it the most ancient and holy Saraswati River itself?

These questions are sought to be answered in a paper published in Scientific Reports.
The Saraswati river was revered and considered important for Hindus because it is said that it was on this river's banks,alongwith its tributary Drishadwati,in the Vedic state of Brahmavarta,..

...that Vedic Sanskrit had its genesis and important Vedic scriptures like initial part of Rigveda and several Upanishads were supposed to have been composed by Vedic seers. In the Manusmriti, Brahmavarta is portrayed as the pure centre of Vedic Culture.

🌺Brahma Muhurtam and its Significance🌺

In the Vedic tradition of Hinduism, Brahma Muhurta is considered a very important period for prayer, meditation, and other spiritual practices.

It is regarded as the “time of the creator” or the “Creator’s Hour.”

According to the Vedic Rishis, the time of Brahmamuhurtha is considered best for attaining supreme knowledge and eternal happiness.

It is the time when the environment is pure, calm, and soothing, and the mind is fresh after sleep.

Sitting in meditation at this time improves mental performance and increases the 'Sattva' Gunas. It even subdues mental irritation, hyperactivity and lethargy.

The importance of Brahma Muhurta has been described in the Ayurveda textbooks for health and long life. It has been stated in the Ayurveda that one should wake up in the Brahmamuhurtha for sustaining perfect health and for living a long life span.

In Brahma Muhurta, there is the availability of nascent oxygen in the atmosphere which easily mixes with the hemoglobin in your body to form oxy-hemoglobin, which offers the following benefits:

-It helps to boost the immune system
-It increases the energy level

THE ARYAN INVASION THEORY:A BIG FAT LIE.

The supposed Aryan Invasion of the Indian subcontinent was an unsolved puzzle of archaeology which looks like has come to a conclusive solution with the recent archaeological evidence. But let's first recall, What this theory actually is?

The theory states,"The Aryans were one of the tribes of Indo-European speaking,horse riding nomads living in Europe or Central Asia.They invaded the ancient urban civilisation of Indus valley &destroyed their culture around 1700BCE, pushed inhabitants southward &settled there..

..and 1200 yrs after the invasion, descendants of Aryans wrote the classic Indian scriptures called Vedas, in the language 'Sanskrit'".
This baseless theory challenges the very foundation of Indian statehood &it's Vedic culture. Why baseless? Bcoz Aryans as a cultural group..

..Nordic looking,Indus civilisation being destroyed&most certainly not,Germans being descended from them,is all fiction.None of our ancient Vedic scriptures,epics or Purans mention about any Aryan race,invasion or migration.Word'Arya'does not denote a particular race in Sanskrit.

Rather the real meaning of Arya is noble or righteous one. That's why we find the terms Aryaputra,Aryakanya etc in our scriptures.The thing is dat when these barbaric Europeans invaded India,they were so much amazed by the richness of Indian culture &knowledge that they took..

Brahma temple in Pushkar is the only temple dedicated to God Brahma in the whole world. It is a pilgrimage site that is frequently visited by thousands of devotees every year. Located in the district of Ajmer, Pushkar is a small and serene town that hosts the world’s only...

...Brahma temple where Brahma Ji, the god of creation, is worshipped.
Brahma, despite being one of the most powerful gods and the creator of the universe, has only one temple dedicated to him in the world, and this is what makes the Brahma temple in Pushkar so unique among...

...several other pilgrimage sites and shrines in Rajasthan.
Located close to the sacred lake of Pushkar, the Brahma temple pretty much reflects the Rajasthani architectural style. The fact that it finds a place in several Rajasthan tour packages doesn’t come as a surprise.

Although the current structure dates back to the 14th century,the core structure of the Brahma temple is about 2000 yrs old.

Built on a high platform,there r a number of marble steps that lead to entrance of the holy Brahma Pushkar temple which is adorned with pillared canopies.

After the entry gate comes the pillared outdoor hall called Mandapa and then the main sanctum sanctorum called Garbhagriha which is dedicated to Brahma and his second wife, Gayatri.

Do you know?

Bajiprabhu Deshpande was a great Maratha warrior who lead an Army of just 300 maratha warriors against an army of 10,000 plus Adil Shahi forces in the narrow Ghod Kind pass which was later renamed as Paavan Kind by Shivaji Maharaj.

This is his story.

Bajiprabhu Deshpande, born in a Marathi Chandrasainya Kayastha Prabhu family on 1615 CE.The Great Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was deeply impressed by him and appointed him as the military commander of south Maharashtra around the Kohlapur region.

Maratha infantry soldiers were trained to fight with their traditional sword known as Dandpatta, also know as Gauntlet sword in English. The patta has a long straight blade ranging in length from 10 to 44 inches with the gauntlet integrated in the sword as the hand gun.

Both Sivaji Maharaj & Bajiprabhu were master in using dandpatta.Maratha soldiers especially infantrymen used to fight with dandpatta against heavy cavalry.
After killing treacherous Afzal Khan in the battle of Pratapgarh,Marathas were able to capture Panhala fort near Kolhapur.

The marathas under Netaji Palkar then attacked Bijapur but the Bijapur forces resisted the attack.Shivaji maharaj then set their base at Panhala fort.
Under Siddhi Johar,the Adilshahi forces laid siege of the Panhala fort and were able to trap Shivaji Maharaj for almost 5 months.

Did u know?

In 1949,when Nehru ordered to remove the Idol of Bhagwan Ram from Ram Janmbhoomi,it was an ICS officer named KK Nair who firmly refused & spearheaded the Ram Janmbhoomi movement

After centuries of wait,Hindus reclaimed Ram Janmbhoomi site on the night of Dec 22,1949

Hindus installed the idols of Hindu deities including Sri Ram under the main dome of the Mosque that was built after demolishing the original Ram Mandir at Ramkot by a Mughal invader named Babur in 1528.
Despite the site being protected by Police, Hindus emerged successful.

On the next morning ie Dec 23, hundreds of hindus gathered in front of the site to have a glimpse of the Moorti.
As soon as Jawaharlal Nehru came to know about the developments in Ayodhya, he immediately asked the CM of UP to get the idols removed.

The chief secretary of UP and IG of police ordered the DM KK Nair who was posted at Faizabad and Ayodhya fell in his jurisdiction. KK Nair, however refused to remove the idols.
He served in UP in various capacities since 1930. The way he dealt with the issue and his stand...

...of not removing the Idols from Ram Janmbhoomi, made him a hero. The divisional commissioner supported Nair's view and they both proposed to keep the Ram Janmbhoomi site under strict Police control. They allowed a Pujari to perform the Pooja of the Deities.

Did you know about Mahameghavahana Kharavela?

We all know that Odisha was once called ‘Kalinga’ but most people are not aware about Aira Maharaja Mahameghavahana Kharavela was one of the greatest kings of ancient India.

He was the first great historical sovereign of ancient Kalinga who belonged to the soil and styled himself as Chetaraja-Vamsa Vardhana, and Kalingadhipati.
In history, it says that he owned many propitious signs on his body and was gifted with many qualities.

At the age of 15,Kharavela became the Yuvaraja, or Crown Prince,to understand the burden of royal responsibilities. By that time he was already skilled in five main subjects,namely,Lekha or Writing, Rupa or Coinage, Ganana or Arithmetic, Vyavahara or Law, and Vidhi or procedure.

Kharavela worked as the Crown Prince for nine years and later after completion of the 24 years of his life, he was crowned as the king of Kalinga. He then began his marvellous rule as the king belonging to the third generation of his royal dynasty.

He worked for the stability of his capital city Kalinganagari as the capital was earlier damaged by a severe storm that required repair and construction. In the first year, he repaired the gates, fortifications, and the structures of the fort of Kalinganagari.

🌺A STORY FROM SHIVA PURANA , WHERE A GAMBLER ATTAINS SHIVALOKA 🌺

There used to live a man by the name Yagyadutt in Kampilyanagar, who was proficient in the performance of Somyagya. He had a son named Gunanidhi.

Though he was a scholar but at the same time he was irreligious & kept bad company. He indulged in evil activities like gambling.

His father-Yagyadutt was unaware of his evil activities. Whenever he asked his wife about Gunanidhi's habits & conduct,his wife used to tell lies.

Thus Gunamidhi's condition became worst day by days.

Yagyadutt married Gunanidhi with a girl belonging to a well to do family. But his habits had not changed.His mother tried her best to make him understand,but it was of no use.

One day Yagydut saw a gambler wearing his ring.

He asked him about that ring. Gambler told him that his son Gunanidhi had lost it to him in gamble.He also informed him that he had also lost numerous ornaments&other properties in the gamble.

Yagydut became very angry & married with another woman after abandoning his wife&son.

When Gunanidhi came to know about his father's second marriage,he moved to another place,cursing his fate.He kept on walking till he became tired.He sat under a tree&started thinking about his further course of action.His heart was full of remorse&he repented for his past actions

THE EPITOME OF COURAGE, VALOUR AND SACRIFICE:RANI DURGAVATI

I am sure,many of us don't even know who Rani #Durgavati was 'coz our #History textbooks don't tell us this. Today, let us learn something about this great warrior queen.

Rani Durgavati was a #Gondwana Queen who fought 51 battles, out of them 3 were against Mughals and she never lost. She was an exemplary woman who got married at 18 and was widowed at 24. At 24, she became Queen of a vast kingdom of mainly tribal people and fought 51 gallant wars.

She was a great war tactician &an exemplary young ruler who never lost any battle.She was born on Oct 5th,1524 in the family of Gurjar Chandela's Rajput ruler Keerat Pal Singh in fort of Kalinjar,Banda,UP. Her family built #Khajuraho temples which r a #UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

She was married to Gondi King Dalpati Shah in 1542.This brought an alliance between the Gonda family &the Chandelas of Bundelkhand so that they could resist the onslaught of Sher Shah Suri who attacked Kalinjar in 1545.
Same year Durgavati gave birth to Vir Narayan, her only son.

After the death of her husband in 1548, she reluctantly took up throne on the insistence of her ministers who were aware of her abilities &wanted the Kingdom to remain independent.She was only 24 and took up the reign on behalf of her son who was only 5 by that time.

Did Dwarka really exist?

Yes, it did and it has been proved now. An Account.

Dr. Rao is widely considered the Grandfather of Indian Archaeology and has served the ASI for over 32 years. He is credited with the discovery of a large number of Indus-Saraswati sites including...

...the Port city of Lothal in Gujarat. In his work, the Lost City of Dwarika, Dr. Rao has given scientific details of these discoveries and artefacts.

Dr. SR Rao after his careful research made the following statement,"The findings in Dwarika & archaeological evidence found are compatible with the Mahabharat tradition & remove any lingering doubt about the historicity of Mahabharat.We would say that Krishna definitely existed".

The discovery of the legendary city of Dvaraka which is said to have been founded by Sri Krishna, is an important landmark in the validation of historical relevance of Mahabharata.

It has set at rest the doubts expressed by historians about the historicity of Mahabharata and the very existence of Dvaraka city. It has greatly narrowed the gap of Indian history by establishing the continuity of the Indian civilization from the Vedic age to the present day.

It was the time when Alauddin Khilji became the Sultan of Delhi after murdering his own uncle. To fulfil his expansionist ambitions Khilji was on a conquering and annexing spree. He tried to annex all the neighbouring Kingdoms. The ones which couldn't be annexed, he conquered.

Among those many Kingdoms was a small but significant Kingdom of Jalore in Rajasthan which he could'nt append to his growing empire. It was during this time when Khilji was planning an attack on the King Karnade of Gujrat for Plundering,Looting his Kingdom&destroying the temples.

Khilji asked all Kingdoms in the path from Delhi to Gujarat to let his Army through the safe passage,to which all the Kingdoms agreed but one.
King Kanhadadev of Jalore didn't trust Khilji &he refused the safe passage anticipating the treacherous attack of Khilji on his Kingdom.

Out of desperation and disappointment Alauddin Khilji invited Kanhadadev to his court.
Kanhadadev however, sent his son Biram Dev. The Rajput Prince had a striking physique and features and a beautiful charismatic personality, who was famous for his valour and wrestling skills.

Khilji provoked Biram Dev for a wrestling match with the best of his fighters, to which the Prince agreed. However, more than a wrestling match, it was a conspiracy to kill him as Khilji had ordered his fighter to Kill Biram Dev during the fight.

हनुमानजी के बारे में कई बातें हैं जो बहुत कम लोग जानते हैं।
शास्त्रों अनुसार हनुमानजी इस धरती पर एक कल्प तक सशरीर रहेंगे।

1.हनुमानजी का जन्मस्थान

कर्नाटक के कोपल जिले में स्थित हम्पी के निकट बसे हुए ग्राम अनेगुंदी को रामायणकालीन किष्किंधा मानते हैं।

किष्किन्धा हनुमान मन्दिर

तुंगभद्रा नदी को पार करने पर अनेगुंदी जाते समय मार्ग में पंपा सरोवर आता है। यहां स्थित एक पर्वत में शबरी गुफा है जिसके निकट शबरी के गुरु मातंग ऋषि के नाम पर प्रसिद्ध 'मातंगवन' था। हम्पी में ऋष्यमूक के राम मंदिर के पास स्थित पहाड़ी आज भी मातंग पर्वत के नाम से जानी जाती है।

मातंग ऋषी के आश्रम में ही हनुमानजी का जन्म हुआ था। श्रीराम के जन्म के पूर्व हनुमानजी का जन्म हुआ था। प्रभु श्रीराम का जन्म 5114 ईसा पूर्व अयोध्या में हुआ था। हनुमान का जन्म चैत्र मास की शुक्ल पूर्णिमा के दिन हुआ था।

2. कल्प के अंत तक सशरीर रहेंगे हनुमानजी :
इंद्र से उन्हें इच्छामृत्यु का वरदान मिला। श्रीराम के वरदान अनुसार कल्पांत होने पर उन्हें सायुज्य की प्राप्ति होगी।सीता माता के वरदान अनुसार वे चिरंजीवी रहेंगे। इसी वरदान के चलते द्वापर युग में हनुमानजी भीम व अर्जुन की परीक्षा लेते हैं।

कलियुग में वे तुलसीदासजी को दर्शन देते हैं। ये वचन हनुमानजी ने ही तुलसीदासजी से कहे थे -

'चित्रकूट के घाट पै, भई संतन के भीर ।
तुलसीदास चंदन घिसै, तिलक देत रघुबीर ।।'
श्रीमद् भागवत अनुसार हनुमानजी
कलियुग में गंधमादन पर्वत पर निवास करते हैं।

THE TRUTH OF QUTUB MINAR( DHRUV STAMBHA): An ancient #Vedic observatory ie another wonder of our Vedic #Astronomers & #Mathematicians.

#QutubMinar was the observation tower of an observatory set up by the noted astronomist Varah Mihir much before the birth of Islam.

It is estimated that this observatory was set up during 4th.-6th. Century AD.The observatory provided major research in the field of Astronomy and was the place where many calculations about the movement of planets and stars were performed and #Vedic theories were validated.

The Muslim invaders were never famous for creating the #historical monuments of scientific utility but they were out to wipe off the #History and #culture of places they invaded, including #India.Their only concern was to loot the wealth and destroy the culture.

There was no Indo Islamic Architecture but only #Indian Architecture. Islam born only 400 years before Qutubudin Aibak had no architectural history but only destruction and annihilation.The #Historians of those times were all but hired slaves of Mughal Rulers.

Unfortunately, the English had access to only those false preserved records of Muslim invaders that were fabricated only to sing their praises.They tried to systematically wipe off the 8000 year old #Sanatan culture.

🌺A Very Interesting Comparison🌺

Till some time ago, religion and science were considered to be opposites, but now many similarities are coming out from the conclusions drawn from the analysis of scientists and scholars. But whenever it comes to Bhagwan Shiv, science..

..automatically associates with him.For example,u can understand by comparing Shivling&nuclear reactor itself.
Nuclear reactors and Shivling r often compared among themselves.There r many similarities between the two in appearance. So can these 2 really be considered the same?

It is important to know here that both are related to energy somewhere.There is a rule to flow water continuously on Shivling. Most of the Shivlings are found in the country where there is sufficient reservoir of water, such as rivers, ponds, lakes etc.

Similarly, all the nuclear plants around the world are also built around big rivers or seas.
The water that is used to keep the nuclear reactor cool is not used for any other use. Similarly, the water that is offered on Shivling is also not accepted as prasad.

The complete circumambulation of Shivling is not done. It is forbidden to cross from where the water is coming out. It is believed that this water is charged. Similarly, the water coming out of the nuclear reactor is also kept away from humans.

Founded in the early 18th century, Janakpurdham is a city located in Dhanusha distt of Nepal. Located about 225Km south-east of Kathmandu, Janakpurdham is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus due to its connection with Mata Sita.

Jaanki Mandir , Janakpur

Janakpurdham is known for its famous Janki Temple which is dedicated to Goddess Sita.Mata Sita is believed to be found here at Janakpurdham while ploughing the fields in a vessel underground, for this reason she is also called Dharti Putri.

Janakpurdham is also a place where the historical event of 'Sita Swayamvar' happened. Prabhu Ram broke the mighty 'Shivadhanush' and married Mata Sita.

Mithila culture originated from Janakpur. In ancient times, Janakpur was the capital of Kingdom of Mithila which was ruled by a righteous King named Janak and hence the name Janakpurdham.

Janakpur is also called the city of ponds. It has more than 70 ponds which are considered sacred by the Hindus. Some of the ponds are Dhanush Sagar, Ganga Sagar, Angraj Kund, Ratna Sagar, Agni Kunda etc which add to the beauty and divinity of Janakpurdham.

भगवान अपने भक्तों की यश वृद्धि करने के लिए अनेक प्रकार की लीलाएं करते हैं।इस तरह के अनेकों उदाहरण आपको हमारे पुराणों में मिल जाएंगे।ऐसी ही एक भक्त थी सती अनुसुइया जिसकी कथा हम आज सुनेंगे।
त्रिदेवियां माताएं लक्ष्मी,पार्वती और सरस्वती सोचती थीं कि उनसे बड़ी पतिव्रताएं कोई नहीं ।

एक बार त्रिदेवों ने त्रिदेवियों का ये भ्रम तोड़ने का और साथ ही अपनी परम भक्त अनुसुइया का मान बढ़ाने का सोचा।
इसी कार्य को संपन्न करने के लिए भगवान नारायण ने देवर्षि नारद के मन में जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न की। इसके फलस्वरूप वे लक्ष्मी जी के पास पहुंचे। लक्ष्मी माता देवर्षि को देख...

...बड़ी प्रसन्न हुईं और उनसे कहा,"देवर्षि! आप बड़े दिनो के बाद आए हैं।कहिए कैसे हैं?" नारद जी बोले,"माता! क्या बताऊँ? कुछ बताते नहीं बन रहा।अब की बार मैं घूमता हुआ चित्रकूट की ओर चला गया था।वहां महर्षि अत्रि के आश्रम जाने का सौभाग्य मुझे प्राप्त हुआ। माता! मैं तो महर्षि अत्रि ...

..जी की पत्नी माता अनुसुइया के दर्शन करके कृतार्थ हो गया।तीनों लोकों में उनके समान पवित्र व पतिव्रता स्त्री कोई नहीं है।"
माता अनुसुइया का यही गुणगान देवर्षि नारद ने जाकर माता पार्वती और माता सरस्वती से भी किया।ये सुनकर त्रिदेवियों ने जिज्ञासावश अनुसुइया की परीक्षा लेने की सोची।

तब त्रिदेवियों ने अपने पतियों-ब्रह्मा,विष्णु और महेश से अनुसुइया के सतीत्व की परीक्षा लेने का हठ किया।त्रिदेवों ने बहुत समझाने की कोशिश की परंतु अपनी पत्नियों के हठ के कारण अन्ततः वे अनुसुइया की परीक्षा लेने को तैयार हो गए।

तीनों देव साधुवेष धारण कर महर्षि अत्रि के आश्रम पहुंचे।

For a very long time we had heard that Mahmud Ghazni attacked India from 1001 AD- 1027 AD but DO YOU KNOW ?

It was Maharaja Jayapala of Hindu Shahi Dynasty who decided to invade Ghazni twice.

During the period of 870 CE the Hindu Shahi lost Kabul and were forced to retreat. This temporary loss of the great Hindu Shahi kingdom was the beginning of another chapter in the medieval history of the Indian Sub-continent.

The introduction of the Turk warlords completely changed the mentality and the conduct of war. The establishment of this new Muslim Turk authority in Ghazni completely changed the policy of the Muslims.

Under the Turks,the raids on the Hindu Shahi’s and later on northern India became even more aggressive and lethal. The first Hindu king who faced this wave of the Turks was Jayapala, who fought till his last breath in order to protect his kingdom of people.

The Hindu Shahi after 870 CE transferred their capital to Udabhandapura as they had suffered heavy losses from the war against the Arabs and also from the defeat they suffered from a Turkish leader Yaqub ibn Layth.

🌺श्रीरामचरितमानस घर में रखने का महत्व और पाठ करने के लाभ 🌺

जिस घर में प्रतिमाह पूर्णिमा को रामायण का पाठ होता है, उस घर में अकाल मृत्यु नहीं होती है।

जिस घर में श्री रामचरितमानस रखी होती है वहां कभी भूत, पिशाच, प्रेतों का
वास नहीं होता।

जिस घर में रामायण के पास शाम के समय
देशी गाय के घी का दीपक जलाया जाता है ,उस घर में अन्न की कमी कभी नहीं होती है।

जिस घर में श्री रामचरितमानस के पास
सुबह शाम गौ माता के घी का दीपक
प्रतिदिन जलाया जाता है ,
उस घर में आरोग्य बढ़ता है।
बीमारियां कम होती हैं।

जिस घर में श्री रामचरितमानस की
शाम के समय देशी गाय के घी का दीपक जलाकर श्री रामचरितमानस की आरती
प्रतिदिन होती है उस घर पर श्रीराम जी की
कृपा सदैव रहती है, और घर में शांति का वातावरण रहता है। प्रभु की कृपा रहती है।

जिस घर में प्रति सप्ताह रामायण पाठ होता है,उस घर पर प्रभु श्रीराम और माता सीता की कृपा हमेशा बनी रहती है।बच्चों की बलबुद्धि में वृद्धि होती है।

जिस घर में प्रतिदिन रामायण पाठ होता है, उस पर श्रीराम,माता सीता,महादेव, हनुमानजी,शनि-देव,नव-ग्रह व सभी देवी-देवताओं की कृपा रहती है ।

जिस घर में प्रतिदिन रामायण पाठ होता है,उस घर से दरिद्रता भाग जाती है, उस परिवार की यशवृद्धि होती है, उस घर पर मां लक्ष्मी की कृपा सदैव बनी रहती है। बच्चों को कभी भय नहीं लगता। भूत, प्रेत, पिशाच वहां कभी प्रवेश नहीं कर सकते। वह घर सुख, समृद्धि, शन्ति, धन,अन्न,सन्तान,मित्र...