https://t.co/6cRR2B3jBE
Viruses and other pathogens are often studied as stand-alone entities, despite that, in nature, they mostly live in multispecies associations called biofilms—both externally and within the host.

https://t.co/FBfXhUrH5d
Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed by an extracellular matrix that confers protection and improves survival. Previous studies have shown that viruses can secondarily colonize preexisting biofilms, and viral biofilms have also been described.
...we raise the perspective that CoVs can persistently infect bats due to their association with biofilm structures. This phenomenon potentially provides an optimal environment for nonpathogenic & well-adapted viruses to interact with the host, as well as for viral recombination.
Biofilms can also enhance virion viability in extracellular environments, such as on fomites and in aquatic sediments, allowing viral persistence and dissemination.
Moreover, understanding the biofilm lifestyle of CoVs in reservoirs might contribute to explaining several burning questions as to persistence and transmissibility of highly pathogenic emerging CoVs.
It has been established that the majority of microorganisms on earth live in biofilms (45, 46). Viruses play an extensive ecological role and have been reported to exist in diverse microbial communities as biofilms.
They are involved in several dynamics, such as microbial diversity and biogeochemical cycles, due to their prevalence and variation across diverse ecosystems (47).
Therefore, it is essential to comprehend how the viruses effectively persist in different environments because this process can assist in the understanding of their transmissibility and cross-infectivity among different hosts.
Biofilm is an ecological cluster of microorganisms, surface-attached or floating, with the evolutionary purpose of protection, nutrition, or strengthening survival. In biofilms, the microorganisms are surrounded by a complex of assembled extracellular matrix.
This results in heterogeneous biomolecular and biochemical arrangements that hinder the entry of exogenous components while facilitating the exchange of genetic elements among microbial cells (48, 49).
Viruses, as well as other microorganisms, may come into contact with preexisting biofilms and accidentally adhere and become a part of them, thus constituting secondary colonizers.
A study from 2002 supports that biofilms may encompass a set of nonenveloped enteric viruses, including caliciviruses, Rotavirus spp., Astrovirus spp., and hepatitis A virus, among other microorganisms such as Gram-negative bacteria and filamentous fungi
Some authors indicate that the human oral cavity may be an active site of infection and reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, assuming its interaction with the host oral microbiota (59), which is mostly in the form of biofilm.
virions & virus-infected eukaryotic cells embedded in biofilms have been reported to retain their infectivity. A study investigated the enveloped virus herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) & the nonenveloped virus coxsackievirus type B5 (CVB5) within the fungal Candida albicans biofilm
viruses encompassed on biofilm kept their viability and infectivity, it indicates that biofilm lifestyle does not limit viral dissemination (60) and even can improve it. Therefore, viruses stored in biofilms may be regarded as temporary or long-term reservoirs in the environment
...the extracellular state represents a crucial step for viral dissemination, since intracellular formed virions have to spread to the surface of other target cells to restart viral replication. At this moment they are exposed to physicochemical & host immune system challenges.
Biofilms may contribute to viral recombination events, especially for supporting an environment in which distinct and infectious viruses are physically close and in the presence of extracellular enzymes and genetic fragments.
These viruses would be released from the biofilm and would coinfect the same host cell, leading to gene exchanges & recombination. Therefore, the facilitated cell coinfection by diverse viruses allows the evolution & emergence of new viral particles that can undergo spillover
Biofilm may act as viral storage, where virions remain infectious within the hosts (humans and wild, livestock, or domestic animals) and in the environment (food, water, excreta, plants, pastures, and fomites).
Biofilm may support virion persistence through matrix physicochemical protection against stresses, ... & against immune responses (immunological modulation) & also through resistance to chemical substances, keeping viral particles infective over time.

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#ஆதித்தியஹ்ருதயம் ஸ்தோத்திரம்
இது சூரிய குலத்தில் உதித்த இராமபிரானுக்கு தமிழ் முனிவர் அகத்தியர் உபதேசித்ததாக வால்மீகி இராமாயணத்தில் வருகிறது. ஆதித்ய ஹ்ருதயத்தைத் தினமும் ஓதினால் பெரும் பயன் பெறலாம் என மகான்களும் ஞானிகளும் காலம் காலமாகக் கூறி வருகின்றனர். ராம-ராவண யுத்தத்தை


தேவர்களுடன் சேர்ந்து பார்க்க வந்திருந்த அகத்தியர், அப்போது போரினால் களைத்து, கவலையுடன் காணப்பட்ட ராமபிரானை அணுகி, மனிதர்களிலேயே சிறந்தவனான ராமா போரில் எந்த மந்திரத்தைப் பாராயணம் செய்தால் எல்லா பகைவர்களையும் வெல்ல முடியுமோ அந்த ரகசிய மந்திரத்தை, வேதத்தில் சொல்லப்பட்டுள்ளதை உனக்கு

நான் உபதேசிக்கிறேன், கேள் என்று கூறி உபதேசித்தார். முதல் இரு சுலோகங்கள் சூழ்நிலையை விவரிக்கின்றன. மூன்றாவது சுலோகம் அகத்தியர் இராமபிரானை விளித்துக் கூறுவதாக அமைந்திருக்கிறது. நான்காவது சுலோகம் முதல் முப்பதாம் சுலோகம் வரை ஆதித்ய ஹ்ருதயம் என்னும் நூல். முப்பத்தி ஒன்றாம் சுலோகம்

இந்தத் துதியால் மகிழ்ந்த சூரியன் இராமனை வாழ்த்துவதைக் கூறுவதாக அமைந்திருக்கிறது.
ஐந்தாவது ஸ்லோகம்:
ஸர்வ மங்கள் மாங்கல்யம் ஸர்வ பாப ப்ரநாசனம்
சிந்தா சோக ப்ரசமனம் ஆயுர் வர்த்தனம் உத்தமம்
பொருள்: இந்த அதித்ய ஹ்ருதயம் என்ற துதி மங்களங்களில் சிறந்தது, பாவங்களையும் கவலைகளையும்


குழப்பங்களையும் நீக்குவது, வாழ்நாளை நீட்டிப்பது, மிகவும் சிறந்தது. இதயத்தில் வசிக்கும் பகவானுடைய அனுக்ரகத்தை அளிப்பதாகும்.
முழு ஸ்லோக லிங்க் பொருளுடன் இங்கே உள்ளது
https://t.co/Q3qm1TfPmk
சூரியன் உலக இயக்கத்திற்கு மிக முக்கியமானவர். சூரிய சக்தியால்தான் ஜீவராசிகள், பயிர்கள்

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This is a pretty valiant attempt to defend the "Feminist Glaciology" article, which says conventional wisdom is wrong, and this is a solid piece of scholarship. I'll beg to differ, because I think Jeffery, here, is confusing scholarship with "saying things that seem right".


The article is, at heart, deeply weird, even essentialist. Here, for example, is the claim that proposing climate engineering is a "man" thing. Also a "man" thing: attempting to get distance from a topic, approaching it in a disinterested fashion.


Also a "man" thing—physical courage. (I guess, not quite: physical courage "co-constitutes" masculinist glaciology along with nationalism and colonialism.)


There's criticism of a New York Times article that talks about glaciology adventures, which makes a similar point.


At the heart of this chunk is the claim that glaciology excludes women because of a narrative of scientific objectivity and physical adventure. This is a strong claim! It's not enough to say, hey, sure, sounds good. Is it true?